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Praxis > Chap 1: Anatomy > Flashcards

Chap 1: Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Phonation

A

Voicing with structures and processes that help produce voice

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2
Q

Resonation

A

Modification of voice produced at laryngeal level due to dynamics of various supralaryngeal cavities and structures

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3
Q

Respiration structures

A

Lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum, rib cage

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4
Q

Inhalation process

A

Inhale
Chest/lungs expand
Diaphragm lowers
Air flows through nose and mouth
Air goes down pharynx through open vocal folds
Air goes through trachea and bronchial tubes
Air reaches lungs

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5
Q

Bronchi

A

Extend from lungs to trachea

Divide into bronchioles and communicate with alveolar ducts

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6
Q

Trachea

A

Extends from larynx at 6th cervical vertebra

Made up of about 20 rings of cartilage

Last ring bifurcates into left and right primary bronchi

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7
Q

Spinal column

A

7 cervical vertebrae

12 thoracic vertebrae

5 lumbar vertebrae

5 sacral vertebrae

3-4 coccygeal vertebrae

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8
Q

Sternum parts

A

Manubrium (upper segment) attached to clavicle and first rib

Corpus (body) attached to cartilages of robs 2-7

Xiphoid process (cartilaginous structure at bottom)

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9
Q

Rib cage

A

12 pairs of ribs

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10
Q

Internal intercostals

A

Pull ribs down to decrease diameter of thoracic cavity for exhalation

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11
Q

External intercostals

A

Raise ribs up and out to increase diameter of thoracic cavity for inhalation

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12
Q

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

Elevates sternum and indirectly the rib cage

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13
Q

Trapezius muscle

A

Controls head, elongates neck, and influences respiration

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14
Q

Other muscles involved with rib cage elevation

A

Serratus posterior superior

Levator costarum bervis

Levator costarum longis

External intercostal

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15
Q

Adduct

A

Move towards midline

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16
Q

Abduct

A

Move away from midline

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17
Q

Key cartilages of larynx

A

Thyroid

Cricoid

Arytenoid

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18
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx and protects larynx

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19
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Can be viewed as uppermost tracheal ring

Linked with thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages

Completely surrounds trachea

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20
Q

Arytenoid cartilages

A

Small, pyramid shaped cartilages connected to cricoid through cricoarytenoid joint

Permit sliding and circular movements

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21
Q

Corniculate cartilages

A

Sit on apex of arytenoids

Help to reduce laryngeal opening when swallowing

22
Q

Cuneiform cartilages

A

Under mucous membrane of aryepiglottic folds

Help stiffen or tense aryepiglottic folds

23
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Control sound production

Thyroarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, and posterior cricoarytenoid

24
Q

Thyroarytenoid muscle

A

Attached to thyroid and arytenoid cartilages

Divided into internal and external thyroarytenoid

25
Q

Internal thyroarytenoid muscle

A

Primary portion of thyroarytenoid muscle and vibrates and produces sound.

Referred to as vocalis muscle or vocal folds

26
Q

Adductor muscles

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, and oblique arytenoid

27
Q

Cricothyroid muscle

A

Attached to cricoid and thyroid cartilages

Lengthens and tenses vocal folds

28
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Support larynx and fix its position

Attached to within larynx and one outside larynx

All attach to hyoid bone and lower/raise position of larynx in neck

29
Q

Suprahyoid muscles

A

Elevators

Lie above hyoid

Elevate larynx

Digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, and genioglossus

30
Q

Infrahyoid muscles

A

Depressors

Below hyoid

Help depress larynx

Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid

31
Q

Vocal fold layers

A

Epithelium (outer cover)

Lamina propria (middle layer)

Vocalis muscle (body - gives stability and mass to vocal fold)

32
Q

Aryepiglottic folds

A

Connective tissue and muscle extending from tips of arytenoids to larynx

Separate laryngeal vestibule from pharynx and help preserve airway

33
Q

Ventricular (false) vocal folds

A

Vibrate at very low fundamental frequencies, usually not during typical phonation

Compress when coughing or lifting heavy items

34
Q

Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory

A

States that vocal folds vibrate because of forces and pressure of air and elasticity of vocal folds

Air stopped below closed vocal folds and builds up subglottal air pressure which blows vocal folds apart and set folds into vibration

35
Q

Bernoulli effect

A

Caused by increased speed of air passing between vocal folds and is the sucking motion of folds toward one another

36
Q

Primary cortical areas for speech motor control

A

Primary motor cortex

Broca’s area

Somatosensory cortex

Supplementary motor cortex

37
Q

Cerebellum

A

Regulates motor movement

Helps coordinate laryngeal muscles for phonation and helps with respiration

38
Q

Cranial nerves that assist with vocalization

A

Cranial nerve VII (facial)

Cranial never X (vagus)

39
Q

Resonation

A

Modification of laryngeal tone by selective dampening or enhancement of specific frequencies

40
Q

Resonators that modify laryngeal tone

A

Pharynx

Nasal cavity

Oral cavity

41
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat

Part of upper airway

Superior and posterior to larynx

Modified by position of tongue (forward/back) and vertical positioning of larynx (high or low)

42
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Soft palate (velum) is relaxed and lowered for nasal sounds, which connect nasal and oral cavities

43
Q

Oral cavity

A

Primary resonating structure for all English sounds other than nasals

44
Q

Source-filter theory

A

Depicts vocal tract as series of linked tubes (oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx) which provide variable resonating cavity that helps produce speech

Energy from vibrating vocal folds modified by resonance characteristics if vocal tract

45
Q

3 segments of pharyngeal cavity

A

Laryngopharynx (ends at base of tongue, behind superior to larynx)

Oropharynx (connects to laryngopharynx and extends to soft palate)

Nasopharynx (connects to oropharynx and ends where two nasal cavities begin)

46
Q

Muscles of velum

A

Levator veil palatini

Tensor veli palatini

Palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeus

47
Q

4 parts of tongue

A

Tip

Blade

Dorsum

Root

48
Q

Intrinsic tongue muscles

A

Superior longitudinal

Inferior longitudinal

Transverse

Vertical

49
Q

Extrinsic tongue muscles

A

Genioglossus (forms bulk of tongue)

Styloglossus

Hyoglossus

Chondroglossus

Palatoglossus

50
Q

Cranial nerves for muscles of articulation

A

Cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

Cranial nerve VII (facial)

Cranial nerve X (vagus)

Cranial nerve XI (spinal accessory)

Cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal)

Praxis (4 decks)

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