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Praxis > Chap 1: Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Chap 1: Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory/afferent neurons

A

Carry sensory impulses from peripheral sense organs toward brain

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2
Q

Motor/efferent neurons

A

Transmit impulses away from central nervous system

Cause grandular secretions or muscle contractions (movement)

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3
Q

Parts of neuron

A

Soma (cell body)

Nerve fibers

Axon and dendrites (projections of body that receive and conduct stimuli)

Terminal/end buttons, myelin sheath

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4
Q

Synapses

A

Junctions where neurons communicate

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical within terminal buttons that diffuses across synaptic space to make contact between cells

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6
Q

3 basic neurons types

A

Motor

Sensory

Interneurons

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7
Q

Interneurons

A

Most common neuron type in nervous system

Links neurons with other neurons and plays an important role in controlling movement

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Collection of nerves outside skull and spinal column

Carry sensory (from sense organs to brain) and motor impulses (from brain to glands/muscles)

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9
Q

3 nerve types of peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial (12 pairs)

Spinal (31 pairs)

Autonomic

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10
Q

Cranial nerves (description)

A

Part of lower motor system

Mixed nerves - carry sensory and motor impulses

12 pairs

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11
Q

Cranial nerves mnemonic

A

Oh oh oh

To touch and feel very amazing velvet

Such heaven

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12
Q

List of cranial nerves

A

I - olfactory (s)

II - optic (s)

III - oculomotor

IV - trochlear (m)

V - trigeminal (s/m)

VI - abducens (m)

VII - facial (s/m)

VIII - acoustic (s)

IX - glossopharyngeal (s/m)

X - vagus (s/m)

XI - spinal accessory (m)

XII - hypoglossal (m)

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13
Q

Cranial nerves related to speech

A

V - trigeminal (face - s, jaw - m)

VII - facial (tongue - s, face - m)

VIII - acoustic (hearing/balance s)

IX - glossopharyngeal (tongue/pharynx s, pharynx m)

X - vagus (larynx respiratory cardiac GI s/m)

XI - spinal accessory (shoulder arm throat m)

XII - hypoglossal (tongue movements)

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14
Q

Cranial nerve V fibers

A

Trigeminal

Motor and sensory

3 sensory branches: ophthalamic (eyes, nose, forehead), maxillary (upper lip, maxilla, upper cheek, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, palate), mandibular (mandible, lower teeth, lower lip, tongue, part of cheek, part of external ear)

Motor: jaw muscles

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15
Q

Cranial V damage

A

Inability to close mouth, trouble chewing, and trigeminal neuralgia (sharp pain in facial area)

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16
Q

Cranial nerve VII fibers

A

Facial, motor and sensory

Sensory: taste sensations anterior 2/3 of tongue

Motor: innervate muscles important for facial expression and speech

17
Q

Cranial VII damage

A

Mask like appearance with minimal or no facial expression

18
Q

Cranial VIII

A

Acoustic/vestibulocochlear, sensory

Vestibular: maintenance of equilibrium

Acoustic: transmits sensory info from cochlea to primary auditory cortex of brain

19
Q

Cranial VIII damage

A

Hearing loss, balance problems, or both

20
Q

Cranial IX

A

Glossopharyngeal, sensory and motor

Sensory: processes taste sensations from posterior third of tongue. Sensation for tympanic cavity, ear canal, Eustachian tube, faucial pillars, tonsils, soft palate, pharynx

Motor innervates stylopharyngeus (raises and dilated pharynx)

21
Q

Cranial IX damage

A

Trouble swallowing, unilateral loss of gag reflex, loss of taste and sensation back of tongue

22
Q

Cranial X

A

Vagus, motor and sensory

Motor: digestive system, heart, lungs

Sensory: info from digestive system, heart, trachea, pharynx, larynx

23
Q

Cranial X damage

A

Difficulty swallowing, velum paralysis, voice problems

24
Q

Cranial XI

A

Spinal accessory, motor

Supplies trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles for head/neck movements

Innervate uvula and levator veli palatini muscles of soft palate

25
Q

Cranial XI damage

A

Neck weakness, paralysis of sternocleidomastoid, inability to turn head, inability to shrug shoulders or raise arm above shoulder level

26
Q

Cranial XII

A

Hypoglossal, motor

Under tongue

Supplies 3 extrinsic tongue muscles: styloglossus. Hyoglossus, genioglossus

Also supplies intrinsic tongue muscles

27
Q

Cranial XII damage

A

Tongue paralysis, diminished intelligibility, swallowing problems

28
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Viewed as part of PNS

Controls and regulates internal environment of body

Two branches: sympathetic and parasympathetic

29
Q

Sympathetic branch

A

Mobilizes body for fight or flight

Accelerated heart rate, dilated pupils, raised blood pressure, increases blood flow to peripheral body structures

Causes emotional arousal

30
Q

Parasympathetic branch

A

Helps bring body back to state of relaxation

Lowers blood pressure, slows heart rate, increases activity in stomach, generally relaxes body

31
Q

Brainstem

A

Connects brain and spinal cord via diencephalon

Also a bridge between cerebellum and other CNS structures

32
Q

Brainstem structures (internal/external)

A

Longitudinal fiber tracts, cranial nerve nuclei, reticular formation

Midbrain, pons, medulla

33
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

Superior to pons and inferior to diencephalon

Connected to brainstem and cerebellum via superior peduncles

Control many motor/sensory functions: postural reflexes, visual reflexes, eye movements, coordination of vestibular-generated eye/head movements

34
Q

Pons

A

Metencephalon

Inferior to midbrain and bridges two halves of cerebellum

Pons and midbrain connect to cerebellum and other cerebral structures through inferior and middle peduncles

Pons transmits info related to movement from cerebral hemispheres to cerebellum

Involved with hearing and balance; contains trigeminal and facial nuclei

35
Q

Medulla

A

Myelencephalon

Inferior to midbrain and pons; uppermost portion of spinal cord

Enters cranial craving through foramen magnum at skull base

Has centers that control breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure

Contains motor fibers that transmit info from brain motor center to muscles

36
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Within midbrain, brainstem, and upper part of spinal cord

Integrates motor impulses flowing out of brain with sensory impulses flowing in

Plays role in executing motor activity

Primary mechanism of attention and consciousnsss

37
Q

Diencephalon

A

Above midbrain, between brainstem and cerebral hemispheres

Two main structures: thalamus and hypothalamus

Also contains third ventricle (tall narrow space with cerebrospinal fluid)

38
Q

Thalamus

A

Largest structure in diencephalon

Regulates sensory info flowing into brain and relays sensory impulses to portions of cerebral cortex

Also received motor impulse info from cerebellum, basal ganglia and relays info to motor areas of cortex

Critical for maintenance of consciousness and alertness

39
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Inferior to thalamus

Integrates actions of ANS and controls emotions

Praxis (4 decks)

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