practice test 1/22 Flashcards
1
Q
what pathology?
- hypofunction of the adrenal cortex.
- leads to decreased production of both cortisol and aldosterone.
- Symptoms include hypotension, weakness, anorexia, and altered pigmentation
A
Addison’s disease
2
Q
what pathology?
- systemic condition that is characterized by inflammation of the spine and larger peripheral joints.
- Symptoms include back pain, morning stiffness, and impaired spinal extension.
- does not impact DTR
A
Ankylosing spondylitis
3
Q
what pathology?
- caused by an autoimmune disease in which certain antibodies produced by the immune system stimulate the thyroid gland
- thyroid becomes overactive
- most specific cause of hyperthyroidism
- may contribute to hyperreflexia.
A
Graves’ disease
4
Q
causes of hyper/hypo reflexia?
- Graves’ disease
- upper motor neuron lesions (e.g., multiple sclerosis)
- selected pharmacological agents (e.g., stimulants).
A
hyperreflexia
5
Q
what pathology?
- hyperfunction of the adrenal gland
- cause excessive amounts of cortisol (glucocorticoid) production
- Symptoms evolve over years and can include persistent hyperglycemia, growth failure, truncal obesity, “moon shaped face,” and hypertension
A
Cushing’s syndrome
6
Q
genetic pathology?
- males are born with an extra X chromosome (XXY).
- abnormal body proportions including tall stature, abnormally large breasts, infertility, and sexual issues.
- increases the risk for breast and testicular cancers, autoimmune disorders, and depression.
- infertility
- Lifespan is typically not affected by the syndrome, but can be altered due to certain associated conditions.
- Increased maternal age slightly increases the incidence of this condition.
A
Klinefelter syndrome
7
Q
genetic pathology?
- female is missing all or part of an X chromosome. commonly presents with only one X chromosome
- swollen hands and feet, webbed neck,
- infertility,
- incomplete development at puberty.
- normal life expectancy.
A
Turner syndrome
8
Q
genetic pathology?
- three copies of genetic information from chromosome 13.
- Manifestations are severe and can include cleft palate, congenital heart disease, polydactyly, and microcephaly.
- Approximately 80% of individuals diagnosed die within the first year of life.
A
Trisomy 13, Patau syndrome,
9
Q
genetic pathology?
- 3 copies chromosome 21.
- most common single cause of birth defects.
- Manifestations can include intellectual disability, hypotonia, flattened nasal bridge, almond-shaped eyes, Simian line, epicanthal folds, congenital heart disease, and developmental delay.
- Expected lifespan has significantly increased with patients living well into adulthood.
A
Down syndrome, trisomy 21
10
Q
genetic pathology?
- autosomal recessive trait and causes a defect in the metabolism of copper.
- accumulation of copper within the erythrocytes, liver, brain, and kidneys leads to degenerative changes.
- presents with hepatic insufficiency, tremor, choreoathetoid movements, dysarthria, and progressive rigidity.
- Treatment primarily consists of pharmacological management.
A
Wilson’s disease
11
Q
genetic pathology?
- Signs and symptoms: intellectual disability, hypotonia, flattened nasal bridge, scoliosis, congenital heart disease, and visual and hearing loss.
- Treatment: exercise and fitness, stability, maximizing respiratory function, and education for caregivers.
A
Down syndrome, trisomy 21
12
Q
what pathology?
- intellectual disability as well as behavioral and cognitive issues secondary to an elevation of serum phenylalanine.
- Symptoms will typically present within a few months of birth as the phenylalanine accumulates.
- If left untreated, severe intellectual disability will occur.
- Treatment primarily focuses on dietary restriction of phenylalanine throughout the person’s lifetime. Adequate prevention will avoid all manifestations of the disease.
A
Phenylketonuria
