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FOOD 521 > Practice quiz questions (all units) > Flashcards

Practice quiz questions (all units) Flashcards

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1
Q

The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds.
True or False?

A

True.

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2
Q

The phosphate and deoxyribose molecules form the backbone of the DNA strand.
True or False?

A

True.

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3
Q

The two DNA strands run antiparallel to each other.
True or False?

A

True.

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4
Q

The base pairs lie in the exterior of the DNA molecule.
True or False?

A

False.
The base pairs lie in the interior of the DNA molecule.

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5
Q

Given the following DNA strand:

5’-TAGCAACCGAATC-3’

What is the complementary strand?

A

5’-GATTCGGTTGCTA-3’
or
3’-ATCGTTGGCTTAG-5’

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6
Q

Prokaryotic mRNA has a Shine-Dalgarno sequence that binds to the ribosomal RNA.
True or False?

A

True.

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7
Q

In eukaryotes, the Initiator Methionine-tRNA binds the mRNA followed by the small ribosomal subunit.
True or False?

A

False.

In eukaryotes, the Initiator Methionine-tRNA binds the translation initiation factors and the small ribosomal subunit followed by the the mRNA.

Translation is initiated by the binding of an initiator Methionine-tRNA and translation initiation factors to a small ribosomal subunit.

Next, the 5’-capped end of the mRNA associates with the initiator Met-tRNA- small ribosomal complex

The complex moves along the mRNA until a start codon (AUG) is found

Once the UAC anticodon sequence of the initiator Met-tRNA base pairs with the AUG sequence of the mRNA, the large ribosomal subunit joins the complex to form the initiation complex

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8
Q

In both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, the large ribosomal subunit assembles after the mRNA and small ribosomal subunit have assembled.
True or False?

A

True.

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9
Q

The small and large ribosomal subunits are smaller in Prokaryotes than Eukaryotes.
True or False?

A

True.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the 5’-cap in a eukaryotic messenger RNA transcript?

A

To help the ribosome bind the mRNA

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11
Q

During DNA polymerization, which phosphate group from the nucleotide becomes part of the DNA strand?

A

Alpha-phosphate

The alpha-phosphate of the nucleotide gets incorporated into the DNA strand and the beta-gamma phosphates (called pyrophosphates) are removed.
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12
Q

The discovery of the cell and the description of heredity rules by Mendel were two milestones in ‘modern biotechnology’.
True or False?

A

False.
These are milestones in traditional biotechnology.

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13
Q

The use of fermenting organisms and the discovery of DNA are two milestones in ‘modern biotechnology’.
True or False?

A

False.
The use of fermenting organisms is a milestone of traditional biotechnology.

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14
Q

The discovery of DNA and the development/use of sequencing technologies are two milestones in ‘modern biotechnology’.
True or False?

A

True.

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15
Q

Plant breeding for food production and the discovery of DNA were two milestones in ‘modern biotechnology’.
True or False?

A

False.
Plant breeding for food production is a milestone of traditional biotechnology.

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16
Q

Food diagnostics is an application of ‘Food Biotechnology’.
True or False?

A

True.

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17
Q

Engineering bacteria for purifying contaminated soils is an application of ‘Food Biotechnology’.
True or False?

A

False.

This would be better classified as an industrial application of biotechnology.

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18
Q

Fermentation of food is an application of ‘Food biotechnology’.
True or False?

A

True.

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19
Q

Production of drugs for humans is an application of ‘Food biotechnology’.
True or False?

A

False.

This is an application in human health.

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20
Q

What is a deoxyribonucleotide?

A

a DNA base, deoxyribose, and a phosphate group

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21
Q

If a organism has 5.5 billion base pairs of DNA in its nucleus, how would this be abbreviated?

A

5.5 Gb

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22
Q

Deoxyribonucleotide is used by DNA polymerase for DNA replication.
True or False?

A

False.
Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotide is used.

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23
Q

Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotide is used by DNA polymerase for DNA replication.
True or False?

A

True.

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24
Q

Ribonucleotide is used by DNA polymerase for DNA replication.
True or False?

A

False.
Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotide is used.

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25
Q

Triphosphate ribonucleotide is used by DNA polymerase for DNA replication.
True or False?

A

False.
Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotide is used.

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26
Q

Given the following DNA strand, what is the complementary strand?

5’-GCGACGTGAACAGTGAG-3’

A

3’-CGCTGCACTTGTCACTC-5’

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27
Q

If an organism is diploid and its karyotype has chromosomes numbered 1 to 25, plus two sex chromosomes, how many total chromosomes does the organism contain in its genome?

A

25 somatic x 2 each + 2 sex chromosomes
52 total

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28
Q

RNA is generally single stranded whereas DNA is double stranded.
True or False?

A

True.

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29
Q

The sugar in RNA is ribose whereas the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose.
True or False?

A

True.

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30
Q

The sugar in RNA is deoxyribose whereas the sugar in DNA is ribose.
True or False?

A

False.
The sugar in RNA is ribose whereas the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose.

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31
Q

RNA is generally double stranded whereas DNA is single stranded.
True or False?

A

False.
RNA is generally single stranded whereas DNA is double stranded.

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32
Q

Instead of thymine, the base uracil is found in RNA.
True or False?

A

True.

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33
Q

Instead of uracil, the base thymine is found in RNA.
True or False?

A

False.
The base uracil is found in RNA instead of thymine.

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34
Q

In the RNA molecule, adenine pairs with thymine.
True or False?

A

False.
Adenine pairs with uracil.

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35
Q

In the RNA molecule, adenine pairs with uracil.
True or False?

A

True.

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36
Q

DNA ligase adds nucleotides to an RNA template.
True or False?

A

False.
This would be RNA dependent DNA/RNA polymerase.

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37
Q

DNA ligase creates phosphodiester bonds between DNA nucleotides.
True or False?

A

True.

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38
Q

DNA ligase breaks the phosphodiester bonds that link DNA nucleotides together.
True or False?

A

False.
Nucleases do this (endo/exo)

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39
Q

DNA ligase generates a primer needed for DNA synthesis.
True or False?

A

False.
This is primase.

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40
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomal RNA has a Shine-Delgarno sequence that binds to the mRNA.
True or False?

A

False.
The Shine-Delgarno sequence is found on the mRNA (near the 5’ end of the mRNA, a few nucleotides upstream of the start codon)

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41
Q

In eukaryotes, the initiator Methionine-tRNA binds the mRNA followed by the small ribosomal unit.
True or False?

A

False.
The small ribosomal subunit (& bound translation factors) bind the Met-tRNA before interacting with the 5’ cap of the mRNA.

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42
Q

In prokaryotic translation initiation, the fMet-tRNA binds the small ribosomal subunit followed by the mRNA.
True or False?

A

False.
The 3’ end of the rRNA of the small ribosome unit binds the Shine-Delgarno sequence of the 5’ end of the mRNA first, followed by the fMet-tRNA.

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43
Q

In prokaryotic translation initiation the small ribosomal subunit binds the mRNA first, followed by the fMet-tRNA.
True or False?

A

True.

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44
Q

In eukaryotes, the small ribosomal subunit binds the Met-tRNA before interacting with the mRNA.
True or False?

A

True.

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45
Q

The eukaryotic initiator complex scans along the mRNA until a start codon is identified.
True or False?

A

True.

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46
Q

The prokaryotic initiator complex scans along the mRNA to identify a start codon.
True or False?

A

False.
In prokaryotes, the initiator complex does not scan along the mRNA. Instead, the small ribosomal subunit binds directly to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence near the start codon, positioning it correctly for translation initiation.

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47
Q

A gene contains a promoter sequence that DNA polymerase binds to.
True or False?

A

False.
A gene contains a promoter sequence that RNA polymerase binds to.

48
Q

A gene contains a promoter region that RNA polymerase binds to.
True or False?

A

True.

49
Q

A gene is a region of the genome that contains a start codon.
True or False?

A

True.

50
Q

The start codon is not part of what defines a gene.
True or False?

A

False.
A gene is a region of the genome that contains a start codon.

51
Q

A gene contains exons and introns.
True or False?

A

True.

Not in prokaryotes!

52
Q

A gene contains exons but not introns.
True or False?

A

False.
A gene contains exons and introns.

Only exons in prokaryotes.

53
Q

A gene has untranslated DNA upstream and downstream.
True or False?

A

True.

54
Q

A gene does not have untranslated DNA upstream or downstream.
True or False?

A

False.
A gene has untranslated regions upstream and downstream.

55
Q

An anticodon is 3 nucleotides on DNA where transcription begins.
True or False?

A

False.
Transcription begins at a promoter sequence in the DNA. The anticodon is located in transfer RNA.

56
Q

An anticodon is 3 nucleotides on mRNA where transcription begins.
True or False?

A

False.
A codon is 3 nucleotides on mRNA where translation begins.

57
Q

An anticodon is 3 nucleotides on mRNA where translation begins.
True or False?

A

False.
A codon is 3 nucleotides on mRNA where translation begins.

58
Q

An anticodon is 3 nucleotides on tRNA that bind to 3 mRNA nucleotides.
True or False?

A

True.

59
Q

Why are sticky-end ligations more efficient than blunt end ligations?

A

Because there is transient base pairing between sticky ends

60
Q

The 5’ cap and the 3’ poly A tail on mRNA are important for: [3]

In eukaryotes

A
  • increasing mRNA stability
  • transporting the mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm
  • interaction with the mRNA with the ribosome
61
Q

What is the purpose of the lacZ gene in the pUC8 cloning plasmid?

A

To select for insertion of recombinant DNA

62
Q

Genes are evenly distributed throughout the genome in eukaryotes.
True or False?

A

False.
They are distributed randomly.

63
Q

Genes are randomly distributed throughout the eukaryotic genome.
True or False?

A

True.

64
Q

Genes are localized mostly in telomeric regions.
True or False?

A

False.

65
Q

Genes are always organized in clusters of genes with similar function.
True or False?

A

False.

66
Q

Eukaryotic genomes are always circular.
True or False?

A

False.
They are always linear.

67
Q

Eukaryotic genomes are always linear.
True or False?

A

True.

68
Q

Genes generally constitute the majority of the genome content.
True or False?

A

False.
Genes constitute only ~1.5% of the genome.

69
Q

Chromosomes are uniform in number among organisms/species.
True or False?

A

False.

70
Q

Duplicated genes are always located in clusters in the same genomic region.
True or False?

A

False.

71
Q

Duplicated genes can have the same function.
True or False?

A

True.

72
Q

Duplicate genes cannot have the same function.
True or False?

A

False.

73
Q

Duplicated genes are also called pseudogenes.
True or False?

A

False.
Duplicated genes are functional; pseudogenes are not.

74
Q

Duplicated genes are always expressed in the same tissue and at the same development stage.
True or False?

A

False.

75
Q

Duplicated genes can be expressed in different tissues or at different developmental stages.
True or False?

A

True.

76
Q

Duplicate genes can have the same function, or different functions.
True or False?

A

True.

77
Q

The proteins that bind to DNA in the nucleosome and form a core octamer are called:

A

Histones

78
Q

The centromere is the end of a chromosome.
True or False?

A

False.
It is the constricted region of the chromosome where the two copies are held together.

79
Q

A centromere is the region that contains most of the functional genes.
True or False?

A

False.
The centromere is the constricted region of the chromosome where the two copies are held together.

80
Q

A centromere is the restricted region of the chromosome where the two copies are held together.
True or False?

A

True.

81
Q

What have scientists observed regarding the distribution of genes in eukaryotic genomes?

A

Genes appear to be randomly distributed throughout the genome and their density varies.

82
Q

A plasmid is a small, usually circular DNA molecule that is independent from the main chromosome.
True or False?

A

True.

83
Q

A plasmid is a small, usually circular DNA molecule that contains essential genes.
True or False?

A

False.
Plasmids contain non-essential genes.

84
Q

A plasmid is a small, usually circular DNA molecule that contains non-essential genes.
True or False?

A

True.

85
Q

A plasmid is a small, usually circular DNA molecule that stabilizes the bacteria chromosome.
True or False?

A

False.
A plasmid is a small, usually circular DNA molecule that is independent from the main chromosome and contains non-essential genes.

86
Q

A bacterial operon is a group of genes that have related biochemical functions.
True or False?

A

False.
A bacterial operon is a group of genes that are involved in a single biochemical pathway and are expressed together.

87
Q

A bacterial operon is a group of genes that are involved in a single biochemical pathway and are expressed together.
True or False?

A

True.

88
Q

In prokaryotes, the number of genes is NOT correlated with genome size.
True or False?

A

False.
Gene number is correlated with gene size in prokaryotes.

89
Q

In prokaryotes, the number of genes is correlated with genome size.
True or False?

A

True.

90
Q

Plasmids contain the largest portion of genes of the prokaryotic genome.
True or False?

A

False.

91
Q

In prokaryotes, gene number is the same among species.
True or False?

A

False.
Due to factors like horizontal gene transfer and plasmids, strains within a species do not share the exact same gene number.

92
Q

In prokaryotes, the genome is normally smaller for parasites than for free living species.
True or False?

A

True.

93
Q

In prokaryotes, the genome is normally smaller for free living species than for parasites.
True or False?

A

False.
In prokaryotes, the genome is normally smaller for parasites than for free living species.

94
Q

Hybridization is based on recombination of alleles through sexual reproduction.
True or False?

A

False.
Hybridization refers to the recombination of alleles (variants of a gene) through sexual reproduction OR through introgression of genes from another species.

95
Q

Define: hybridization.

A

Hybridization refers to the recombination of alleles (variants of a gene) through sexual reproduction OR through introgression of genes from another species.

96
Q

Hybridization refers to the recombination of alleles (variants of a gene) through sexual reproduction OR through introgression of genes from another species.
True or False?

A

True.

97
Q

Hybridization does NOT require two interfertile organisms.
True or False?

A

False.
It does require this.

98
Q

Hybridization requires two interfertile organisms.
True or False?

A

True.

99
Q

Hybridization is NOT used to improve crops.
True or False?

A

False.
It is.

100
Q

Hybridization is used to improve crops.
True or False?

A

True.

101
Q

Only good traits are inherited through hybridization.
True or False?

A

False.
All traits are inherited.

102
Q

Both good and bad traits are inherited through hybridization.
True or False?

A

True.

103
Q

What is the best description of back-slopping?

A

Part of a previously successful fermentation is used for the next fermentation

104
Q

Lactobacillus is a dairy LAB.
True or False?

A

True.

105
Q

Pediococcus is a dairy LAB.
True or False?

A

False.
It is LAB, but not for dairy.

Dairy LAB include: Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus.

106
Q

Streptococcus is a dairy LAB.
True or False?

A

True.

107
Q

Leuconostoc is a dairy LAB.
True or False?

A

True.

108
Q

Lactococcus is a dairy LAB.
True or False?

A

True.

109
Q

Enterococcus is a dairy LAB.
True or False?

A

False.
It is LAB, but not for dairy.

Dairy LAB include: Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus.

110
Q

Bifidobacteria are dairy LAB.
True or False?

A

False.
They are not LAB, but are sometimes included in dairy as a probiotic.

111
Q

Why is Streptococcus thermophilus more dominant than Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus at the beginning of yogurt fermentation?

A

Because S. thermophilus is more aerotolerant than L. bulgaricus.

112
Q

List 3 control measures for bacteriophage for dairy LAB.

A
  • Positive air pressure
  • Culture rotation
  • Use of freeze dried cultures

The use of calcium chelator phage inhibitory media would also inhibit LAB because they require calcium for growth.

113
Q

What differences in gene distributions and repetitive DNA content are seen when yeast and human chromosomes are compared?

A
  • Gene density is higher in yeast than in humans because yeast have very few introns and interspersed repeats, whereas humans have many.
  • Yeast have a low gene number, plants and humans a higher gene number.

The yeast chromosomes have higher gene density, fewer introns, and less interspersed repeats.

114
Q

What is pseudogene?

A

Genes that are not functionally active (evolutionary relics)

A non functional gene.

May be conventional (i.e., caused by mutations) or processed (i.e., caused by retrotransposition).

115
Q

Describe how transposons or retrotransposons can affect the phenotype of an organism.

A
  1. Gene disruption - when transposons or retrotransposons insert themselves into functional genes, they can disrupt the coding sequence, leading to a loss of gene function, loss of enzyme activity, or altered traits/phenotype.
  2. Gene regulation - if these elements insert near regulatory elements of genes, they can influence gene expression by either up- or down-regulating gene activity, potentially altering traits by changing how much of a particular protein is produced.

If when they move, they land on a gene (promoter or coding sequence) they might affect the functionality.

116
Q

What do you expect if mutations of the coding sequence of MybA1 and MybA2 make both genes non-functional?

What color would the grapes be and why?

A

Loss of UFGT expression:

  • Since MybA1 and MybA2code for the MybA transcription factor, which regulates UFGT expression via the MBW complex, non-functional mutations in these genes would prevent the formation of the MBW complex. Without the MBW complex, UFGT would not be expressed.

No anthocyanin biosynthesis:

  • UFGT is essential for anthocyanin biosynthesis, so without its expression, the pathway to produce anthocyanins (red pigments) would be blocked, leading to a lack of pigment production.

The grapes would be green/colourless because the absence of anthocyanin production means no red or purple pigmentation would form during ripening.

If MybA1 and MybA2 become non-functional because of mutations there will be no activation
of the expression of the gene UFGT, as all the three MybA genes will be codifying for non-
functional proteins.

The grapes will be green/yellow as there will be no production of anthocyanins if the UFGT gene
is not expressed.

FOOD 521 (10 decks)

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