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COB GI > Practice Questions > Flashcards

Practice Questions Flashcards

1
Q 
Vertebral levels:
Subcostal
Transpyloric
Transtubercular
Transumbilical
A

L3
L1
L5
L3-4

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2
Q

2 ligaments important for femoral hernias?

A

Lacunar and pectineal

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3
Q

Main landmark for inguinal hernia repair?

A

Conjoint tendon

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4
Q

Main sensory
Xiphoid
Umbilicus
Inguinal fold

A

T7
T10
L1

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5
Q

2 recesses with clinical significance in relation to liver?

A

Subphrenic and hepatorenal

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6
Q

Borders of omental foramen?

A

Ant - hepatoduodenal l
Post - IVC, R crus of diaphragm
Sup - liver
Inf - 1st part of duodenum

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7
Q

What does cremaster m come from

A

Internal oblique

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8
Q

Round l is remnant of

A

Gubernaculum

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9
Q

Male structure that is remnant of paramesonephric duct?

A

Appendix of testes

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10
Q

Cremaster reflex

A

Stroke inner thigh, scrotum up

L1

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11
Q 
Vertebral levels of unpaired
Celiac
SMA
IMA
Median sacral
A

T12-L1
L1
L3
L4

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12
Q

Para associated with visceral_____

A

Stretch

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13
Q

Symp are associated with visceral _______

A

Pain

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14
Q

What makes up portal v

A

Splenic and sup mes vein

Valveless

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15
Q

Blood drains away from portal system if liver blocked in alcoholic

A

Esophageal varices - bleed out

Can see kaput medusa on belly

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16
Q

Side of testes varices more common?

A

L

90 degree angle

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17
Q

Venous drainage of GI goes to?

A

Portal v

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18
Q

Main ways for blood to bypass the liver?

A

L or R gastric to esphageal branches - esophageal varices
Sup and inf/middle rectal v - hemorrhoids
Paraumbilical v - caput medusae
Colic v to V. of Retzius

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19
Q

Major site of lipid digestion?

A

Intestine

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20
Q

What can occur w/o enough bile salts(micelles)

A

Streatorrhea - tx give medium chain FA that don’t need micelles to get through lumen

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21
Q

Makes up a micelle

A

Bile salts, FA and 2-MG

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22
Q

What condition from protein malnutrition?

A

Kwashiorkor - adequate calorie

Marasmus - deficient calorie

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23
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose

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24
Q

Lactose

A

Glu + galactose

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25
Q

Maltose

A

2 glucoses

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26
Q

What breaks down carbs to monosaccharides?

A

Disacharides - alpha-glucosidase
Sucrase
In small intestine

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27
Q

What moves glucose and galactose?

A

GLUT2

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28
Q

What moves fructose

A

GLUT 5 in

GLUT 2 out of cell

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29
Q

What stimulates glucose transport into m and adipose tissue?

A

Insulin

Through GLUT4

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30
Q

Without this have fructose intolerance?

A

Aldolase B

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31
Q

What pancreatic enzyme activates all others?

A

Trypsin

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32
Q

Paneth

A

Secrete lysozyme

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33
Q

Duodenum

A

Brunner’s glands

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34
Q

Jejunum

A

No glands

Plicae circulares

35
Q

Ileum

A

Peyer’s patches

36
Q

What allows hepatocytes to take up nutrients, O2, toxins and release endocrine?

A

Sinusoids

37
Q

Hepatic v drainage

A

Hepatic sinusoid –> central v –> sublobular v –> hepatic v –> IVC

38
Q

Main stimulus for HCL production?

A

Histamine binding to H2 receptor on parietal

39
Q

Inhibitors of HCL

A 
Gastrin binding to CCKB receptor
D cells (activated by gastrin, CCK)
40
Q

Pump in liver and pancreas to get H+ out of cells?

A

NA+-H+ pump

41
Q

Cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion

A

Ach

Increase enzyme secretion

42
Q

Gastric phase of pancreatic secretion

A

Ach + gastrin

Increase enzyme secretion

43
Q

Intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion

A

CCK and Secretin

Increased bicarb and enzyme secretion

44
Q

Required to cause relaxation of muscles in GI tract?

A

NO

45
Q

Where gastrin found?

A

Pyloric glands

46
Q

Gastrin made by?

A

G cells

47
Q

Gastrin stimulus

A

Distension - mainly in stomach

48
Q

Gastrin action

A

Increase acid, pancreatic enzyme secretion and motility

49
Q

What hormone is trophic to the intestines and what is it secreted by?

A

GLP-2

L cells

50
Q

What danger during pharyngeal phase?

History of?

A

Aspiration

Stroke - NTS

51
Q

Why is it imp for LES to remain above atm pressure?

A

Lets it remain contracted - protects esophageal mucosa

52
Q

What does gastrin cause in SI?

A

Increased motility

53
Q

What does gastrin cause in LI?

A

Relaxation of ileocecal valve

54
Q

Damage to ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei results in?

A

Weight gain

Stops feeling full

55
Q

What causes release of NRY and AGRP?

A

Ghrelin

56
Q

Release of NRY and AGRP causes

A

Ghrelin

Feeling of hunger

57
Q

What chemoreceptors used that lead to serotonin release? Cause?

A

Glucostats

Satiety

58
Q

Role of leptin

A

Tells body have enough E stores

Causes CART and MSH release –> satiety

59
Q

Why can’t signal leptin when have too much adipose?

A

Transporter protein at arcuate nucleus is down regulated when leptin levels high

60
Q

Where are sympathetic preganglionic cell bodes of each part of gut?
Parasymp?

A

F - T5-9 (Vagus)
M - T9-12 (Vagus)
H - T12-L2 (Pelvic splanchnic - L2-4)

61
Q

Most common malformation of esophagus?

A

Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula

-TE diverticulum didn’t divide correctly

62
Q

At 6 weeks is midgut doing?

A

Rotating 90 degrees and herniates into umbilical cord

SMA is axis and helps with it

63
Q

Total degrees for rotation?

A

270

64
Q

Omphalocele

A

Midgut doesn’t come back into cavity

65
Q

Gastroschisis

A

Failure of abd wall to close

66
Q

Meckel’s remnant of?

A

Vitelline duct

67
Q

Most common malformation in anal canal development?

A

Anorectal agenesis (below UG diaphragm)

68
Q

Lymphoid follicles in mucosa of stomach?

A

H pylori present

69
Q

Low serum trypsinogen means?

A

Chronic pancreatitis

70
Q

How many g of carbs per day needed?

A

100g

71
Q

Male comes in after blunt trauma to genitals. Suspect urethral tear. Between which layers would you expect to find urine leaking?

A

Scarpa’s (membranous l) and deep fascia of external oblique

72
Q

What position on cholesterol is -OH group?

A

3C

73
Q

What is rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis?

Enzyme used?

A

Acetyl CoA –> mevalonate

HMG CoA Reductase

74
Q

What is cholesterol used for in body?

A

Bile salts, membranes, steroid hormones

75
Q

Phospholipids mainly used in

A

Lipid bilayer

76
Q

Where is ammonia detoxified?

A

Neural tissues

-using glutamate

77
Q

Imp marker for liver/renal function?

A

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

-kidney dz, liver dz, pregnant, hepatitis

78
Q

Def of what can cause hyperammonemia?

A

Carbamoyl phosphate or ornithine transcarbomoylase

79
Q

What causes yellow discoloration seen in jaundice?

A

hyperbilirubinemia (heme breakdown)

80
Q

Type of ALDH in liver cytosol? Mito?

A

ALDH1

ALDH2

81
Q

2 main types of pancreatic enzymes?

A

Endopeptidases

Exopeptidases

82
Q

Endopeptidases

A

Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen
Proelastase

83
Q

Exopeptidases

A

Aminopeptidase

Carboxypeptidase

COB GI (8 decks)

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