Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Paper 1 > Practice Questions > Flashcards

Practice Questions Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Compare the structure of a red blood cell with the structure of a plant cell

A
  • Red blood cells do not have a nucleus, but plant cells do
  • Red blood cells have a bi-concave shape, but plant cells do not
  • Plant cells have a cell wall, but red blood cells do not
  • Both red blood cells and plant cells have cell membranes and cytoplasm
  • Red blood cells have haemoglobin, but plant cells do not
  • Plant cells have chlorophyll, but red blood cells do not
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Placed into a beaker of water, explain why a red blood cell bursts but a plant cell does not

A

Water enters the cell by osmosis but the plant cell has a cell wall which prevents it from bursting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe how root hair cells are adapted to increase the absorption of substances from the soil

A
  • Root hairs increase surface area
  • Thin walls for short diffusion rates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Compare the structure and function of xylem tissue and phloem tissue

A
  • Xylem tissue is made of dead cells and phloem is made of living cells
  • Xylem is hollow and does not contain cytoplasm but phloem contains cytoplasm
  • Xylem contains lignin but phloem does not
  • Xylem transports water and mineral ions but phloem transports dissolved sugars
  • Xylem is involved in transpiration and phloem is involved in translocation
  • Both are made of cells and both transport substances throughout the stem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe how glucose from the small intestine is moved to a muscle cell

A
  • Glucose diffuses into the bloodstream
  • The glucose is transported by the blood to the muscle cell by the capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Compare anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell with anaerobic respiration in a muscle cell

A
  • Yeast produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, whereas muscles produce lactic acid
  • Both release small amounts of energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Complete the equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain how oxygen passes from the blood to the mitochondria

A
  • Oxygen from the blood diffuses into the cell
  • From a high to low concentration
  • Through cell membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe how the ribosomes and mitochondria help the cell to make enzymes

A
  • Ribosomes make enzymes
  • From amino acids
  • Mitochondria provide the energy needed for this process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe how information passes from the relay neurone to the motor neurone

A
  • Release of neurotransmitters by the relay neurone
  • Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse
  • These chemicals stimulate an impulse in the motor neurone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

More concentrated than the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What word is used to describe plant cells placed in a hypertonic and a hypotonic solution?

A

Hypertonic solution = plasmolysed
Hypotonic solution = turgid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain how oxygen moves into the blood

A
  • By diffusion
  • From a high concentration to a low concentration
  • Because there is a higher concentration of oxygen in the air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain one way in which the gills are adapted for rapid absorption of oxygen

A
  • Many gill filaments give a larger surface area
  • Thin so short diffusion pathway
  • Good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradient
  • Continually ventilated to maintain the concentration gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why did the scientists use groups of 10 lugworms and not just 1 lugworm at each concentration?

A
  • One worm is too light to measure change
  • More representative
  • To be able to calculate a mean
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What process do plants use to move mineral ions into root hair cells?

A

Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe how water moves from roots to leaves

A
  • By transpiration stream
  • In xylem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name two substances transported by xylem tissue

A
  • Water
  • Mineral ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain why translocation is important to plants

A
  • Sugars are made in the leaves
  • So they need to be moved to other parts of the plant for respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is translocation?

A

Movement of dissolved sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain why active transport is necessary in root hair cells

A
  • For movement of minerals
  • Against their concentration gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give the reason why the algal cell does not burst

A

Cell wall prevents it from bursting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Complete the word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain why single-celled organisms, like algae, do not need complex structures for gas exchange

A
  • Cell has larger surface area to volume ratio
  • Short diffusion distance
  • Diffusion via cell membrane is sufficient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Suggest how the highly folded cell surface helps the epithelial cell to absorb soluble food

A

Increases surface area for diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name one food molecule absorbed into epithelial cells by active transport

A

Sugar/glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Suggest why epithelial cells have many mitochondria

A
  • Releases energy from respiration
  • Required for active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does oxygen move into and out of cells? (1 mark)

A

Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does water move into and out of cells? (1 mark)

A

Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from high to low concentration

31
Q

Name one advantage and disadvantage of using a light microscope

A

Advantage: relatively cheap, can be used almost anywhere, can magnify live specimens
Disadvantage: limited resolution and magnification

32
Q

Name one advantage and disadvantage of using an electron microscope

A

Advantage: high magnification and resolution, can give 3D images
Disadvantage: can only magnify dead specimens, expensive, can only be used in temperature, pressure and humidity-controlled rooms

33
Q

Evaluate the use of an electron microscope and a light microscope, giving one example where each type of microscope might be used

A
  • Electron microscope: magnify up around x 2,000,000, have a resolving power of of about 10nm (scanning electron microscope) or 0.2nm (transmission electron microscope), may be used to examine sub-cellular structures
  • Light microscope: magnify up around x 2,000, have a resolving power of around 200nm, may be used to look at cells dividing
34
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two separate points

35
Q

Name the main structures you would expect to find in a human cell

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
36
Q

Name the three extra features that may be found in plant cells and not animal cells

A
  • Chloroplasts
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Cell wall
37
Q

Describe the main functions of the extra three features found in a plant cell

A
  • Chloroplasts: contain chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis
  • Permanent vacuole: contains cell sap, keeps cells rigid to support the plant
  • Cell wall: strengthens cell and provides support
38
Q

Suggest why the nucleus and mitochondria are so important in all cells

A
  • The nucleus contains the instructions for making new cells or new organisms and controls all cell activities
  • The mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration and releases energy for the cell
39
Q

Suggest two types of plant cells that are unlikely to have chloroplasts and in each case explain why they have none

A
  • Root hair cells, they have no exposure to light
  • Cells in the centre of a tree trunk, no exposure to light
  • Cells in flowers of plants, their function is not to photosynthesise
40
Q

Describe the difference between the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell and the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell

A

Eukaryotic cell, genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
Prokaryotic cell, genetic material not enclosed in a nucleus and may contain extra rings of DNA (plasmids) separate from the main genetic material

41
Q

Describe what flagella are

A

Long protein strand on some types of bacterium that lashes about

42
Q

explain why an axolotl may die in water with a low concentration of oxygen

A
  • the concentration gradient of oxygen is shallower
  • therefore less oxygen diffuses into the blood
  • less aerobic respiration occurs so less energy is released
  • so less metabolism
43
Q

give two uses of the energy released in respiration

A
  • muscle contraction
  • active transport
  • keeping warm
  • building larger molecules e.g. cellulose
44
Q

describe two differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans

A
  • aerobic produces carbon dioxide and anaerobic does not
  • aerobic produces water and anaerobic does not
  • anaerobic produces lactic acid and aerobic does not
  • aerobic releases more energy than anaerobic
  • aerobic occurs mainly in the mitochondria and anaerobic does not
45
Q

what are the two products of anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

ethanol and carbon dioxide

46
Q

name the three parts of the digestive system that produce amylase

A
  • salivary gland
  • pancreas
  • small intestine
47
Q

explain how amylase breaks down starch (answer in terms of the lock and key theory) (3 marks)

A
  • starch binds to the active site of the enzyme
  • because the shape of the substrate and active site are complementary in shape
  • bonds between the starch molecules are broken to produce smaller molecules
48
Q

describe what happens to cells when a tumour forms

A

cells divide uncontrollably

49
Q

Suggest one way we could reduce the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains

A
  • not prescribe antibiotics for viral infections/non-serious infections
  • patients should take the complete course of antibiotics
50
Q

Suggest one way we could reduce the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains

A
  • not prescribe antibiotics for viral infections/non-serious infections
  • patients should take the complete course of antibiotics
51
Q

explain the process of therapeutic cloning

A
  • involves using cells from an adult to produce a cloned early embryo of themselves, would provide a source of perfectly matched embryonic stem cells
  • could be used for medical treatments such as growing new organs for the original donor
  • new organs would not be rejected by the body as it is made from the body’s own cells and has the same genes
52
Q

how are stem cells currently used in medicine to treat conditions?

A
  • transplantation of blood stem cells to treat disease and conditions of the blood and immune system e.g. leukaemia
  • skin stem cells are used to treat extensive burns
  • test new drugs for safety and effectiveness
53
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

a disease-causing microorganism

54
Q

how do bacteria cause disease?

A

they reproduce rapidly inside the body by binary fission and release harmful toxins that kill cells

55
Q

how do viruses cause disease?

A

they invade and reproduce inside living cells, causing cell damage

56
Q

give three ways in which pathogens can be spread

A
  • physical contact
  • air
  • water
57
Q

give four ways in which the spread of pathogens can be reduced

A
  • personal hygiene: washing hands, sneezing into a tissue, disinfectants
  • reducing contact with infected individuals, quarantine
  • removing vectors: using pesticides and insecticides, removal of habitats
  • vaccination
58
Q

why is it especially important to prevent the spread of viral diseases?

A
  • viral disease can not be treated with antibiotics
  • scientists have not yet developed many cures for viral diseases
59
Q

describe how energy for the photosynthesis reaction is gained by plants

A
  • uses the sun’s light energy
  • which is absorbed by the chlorophyll in chloroplasts
60
Q

which two products are formed when lipids are broken down?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

61
Q

suggest reasons why viruses are not classed as cells

A
  • they have no nucleus
  • they have no cytoplasm
  • they do not have mitochondria
  • they do not have ribosomes
62
Q

which part of a plant shows discolouration caused by TMV?

A

the leaf

63
Q

explain why a high level of TMV infection reduces growth in a plant

A
  • less chlorophyll
  • so less glucose made for growth
64
Q

explain how increased phagocytosis of the Candida albicans pathogen will help the patient

A
  • more pathogens engulfed by phagocytes
  • so less damage to cells
65
Q

Describe how the clinical trials should be carried out (6 marks)

A
  • drug given first to healthy volunteers at a very low dose to test for toxicity
  • then to some patients with the disease to test for efficacy in a double blind trial
  • drug is then tested on a large scale, testing on a large number of people with or without the disease to test for dosage
66
Q

suggest one reason why these new mAbs have been more successful in treating diseases in humans than mAbs made using mice

A

the human body does not reject these new mAbs

67
Q

describe how injecting a monoclonal antibody for RSV helps to treat a patient suffering with the disease

A
  • monoclonal antibody binds to the antigen on the surface of the virus
  • white blood cells kill the virus
68
Q

why were some patients given a placebo?

A
  • to act as a control
  • to compare the effects of the treatment vs no treatment
69
Q

explain how the pregnancy test strip works to show a positive result (6 marks)

A
  • as urine passes though the reaction zone
  • HCG hormone binds to the mobile HCG antibody in the reaction zone
  • HCG hormone binds to the immobilised HCG antibodies in the results zone
  • other antibodies do not attach to HCG
  • bind to the antibodies in the control zone
  • blue dye appears in both the control and results zones
70
Q

explain how vaccination makes a person immune to a disease (4 marks)

A
  • a vaccine contains dead or weakened forms of a pathogen
  • stimulates white blood cells
  • to produce antibodies which kill the pathogen
  • in the case of second infection, the immune system can produce the correct antibodies rapidly
71
Q

explain fully why antibiotics cannot be used to cure viral diseases

A
  • viruses live inside body cells
  • viruses are inaccessible to antibiotics
72
Q

There has been a large increase in the populations of many antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria in recent years. Explain why.

A
  • non-resistant strain of bacteria are killed by the overuse of antibiotics
  • so less competition for nutrients and oxygen
73
Q

describe two ways to control the spread of malaria

A
  • use insect nets to prevent mosquito bites
  • stop mosquitoes from breeding

Biology Paper 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions