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Biology Paper 1 > B2 Cell division > Flashcards

B2 Cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens before a cell divides?

A

It makes a copy of every chromosome’s DNA

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2
Q

What happens to the nuclear membrane?

A

It breaks down

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3
Q

What happens to the chromosomes during mitosis?

A
  • They join up in the centre of the cell
  • They then separate to opposite sides of the cell
  • New nuclear membranes form and the cell begins to divide
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4
Q

What is special about the two cells produced during mitosis?

A

They are genetically identical

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5
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short section of DNA that codes for a protein/controls a characteristic

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6
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Thread-like structures in the nucleus that carry genes

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7
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the material of inheritance

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8
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells

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9
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there in most human cells?

A

23

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10
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A
  • Needed to produce cells that are needed for organisms to grow
  • Needed to replace cells that have become worn out and repair damaged tissue
  • Asexual reproduction
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11
Q

How many chromosomes are in one human body cell?

A

46

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12
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Undifferentiated cell with the potential to become specialised

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13
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Stem cells that can only differentiate into a specific type of cell

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14
Q

Describe stage one of the cell cycle

A

Replication of DNA to form two copies of each chromosome and synthesis of new sub-cellular structures

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15
Q

Describe stage two of the cell cycle

A

Mitosis: one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the dividing cell and the nucleus divides

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16
Q

Describe stage three of the cell cycle

A

The cytoplasm and the cell membranes also divide to form two genetically identical daughter cells

17
Q

Where does differentiation occur in plants?

A

Meristems found in the shoot and root tips

18
Q

Define cloning

A

Production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction/mitosis

19
Q

How does cell differentiation varies in animals and plants?

A
  • Many types of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life
  • Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage of development
20
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate into all cell types

21
Q

Diseases that may be treated with stem cell treatment

A
  • Paralysis
  • Diabetes
  • Blindness
22
Q

How can we use stem cells to treat someone with type 1 diabetes?

A

Induce embryonic stem cells to produce healthy pancreas cells to make enough insulin

23
Q

Why is the ability to clone plants quickly a benefit?

A

Produce large numbers of rare plants reliably and safely to stop their extinction and for research, agriculture advances

24
Q

Problems with embryonic stem cells

A
  • Some people feel that, as the embryo cannot giver permission, using it is a violation of its human rights
  • Progress in developing therapies using embryonic stem cells has been relatively slow, difficult, expensive, and hard to control
  • It is proving difficult to persuade embryonic stem cells to differentiate into the type of cells needed to treat patients
  • Embryonic stem cells divide and grow rapidly, so they might cause cancer if they are used to treat people
25
Q

Problems with adult stem cells

A
  • There is a risk that adult stem cells might be infected with viruses, and so could transfer the infections to patients
  • If stem cells from an adult are used to treat another unrelated person, they may trigger an immune response. The patient may need to take immunosuppressant drugs to stop their body rejecting their new cells
  • adult stem cells can only differentiate into specific types of cells so there are a limited number of diseases that they can be used to treat
26
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

A cloned early embryo is produced, using cells from an adult, with the same genes as the patient so the stem cells produced are not rejected and may be used for medical treatment

27
Q

Zygote

A

The single new cell formed right after fusion of gametes

28
Q

Where do you get adult stem cells in animals?

A

Bone marrow

29
Q

What is binary fission?

A

A type of cell division process by which prokaryotic organisms, like bacteria, divide and reproduce

30
Q

what is differentiation?

A

the process where cells become specialised for a particular function

31
Q

why is differentiation important in living organisms?

A
  • all cells in an early animal or plant embryo are unspecialised
  • differentiation fulfils organisms’ requirements for different cells to carry out different roles e.g. muscle cells, blood cells etc
32
Q

explain how a transplant of bone marrow cells can help to treat medical conditions

A
  • bone marrow cells are unspecialised and can differentiate into many different types of cells
  • so will cure diseases where new cells are needed
33
Q

what is one section of genetic material on a chromosome called?

A

gene

34
Q

what are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  • both have a cytoplasm
  • both contain DNA
  • both have a cell membrane
  • both have ribosomes
35
Q

what are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  • eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, prokaryotic cells do not
  • prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells
  • eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, prokaryotic cells do not
  • prokaryotic cells have plasmids, eukaryotic cells do not
36
Q

name the cell division that produces genetically identical body cells for growth and repair

A

mitosis

37
Q

describe three differences between the processes of mitosis and meiosis

A
  • cells divide once during mitosis, but twice during meiosis
  • meiosis produces four cells but mitosis produces two cells
  • mitosis produces cells with two of each chromosome, meiosis produces cells with one of each chromosome
38
Q

describe one similarity between the processes of mitosis and meiosis

A
  • increase in the number of sub-cellular structures
  • DNA replicates
39
Q

why is mitosis important in living organisms?

A

to repair tissues

Biology Paper 1 (12 decks)

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