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Biology Paper 1 > B1 Cell structure and transport > Flashcards

B1 Cell structure and transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls all activities of the cell, contains genetic information

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where most of the chemical reactions needed for life take place

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what substances go in and out of the cell

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy

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5
Q

Ribsomes

A

Where protein synthesis takes place

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6
Q

Cell wall

A

Strengthens plant cells and provides support

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7
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Contains cell sap to keep plant cells rigid, provide support

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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Where photosynthesis takes place
  • Contains chlorophyll, absorbs light for photosynthesis
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9
Q

Compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryote
- genetic material enclosed in nucleus
- membrane-bound organelles e.g. chloroplasts, mitochondria
- animals, plants, fungi, protists

Prokaryote
- genetic material not enclosed in a nucleus
- no membrane- bound organelles
- much smaller than eukaryotes
- bacteria

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10
Q

What is one benefit of having DNA contained in a nucleus?

A

Protects the DNA

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11
Q

Define resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two separate points that are very close together

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12
Q

Magnification equation

A

magnification = image size / actual size

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13
Q

Where does the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell exist?

A

In the cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Protein which carries the oxygen molecule

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15
Q

Function of red blood cells

A

Transport oxygen around the body in the blood

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16
Q

Adaptions of red blood cells

A
  • No nucleus, more space for haemoglobin (which carries oxygen)
  • Bi-concave shape, increases surface area so more oxygen can diffuse into the cell
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17
Q

Function of ciliated cells

A

Keeps dust and bacteria out of the lungs

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18
Q

Adaptions of ciliated cells

A
  • Cilia (hair like structures), beat rhythmically to sweep mucus containing bacteria and dust out of the lungs
  • Lots of mitochondria, provide energy for movement of cilia
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19
Q

Adaptations of nerve cell

A
  • Lots of dendrites, to make connections to other nerve cells
  • Long axon, carries impulses from one place to another, allows it to be carried long distances
  • Lots of mitochondria, to release the energy needed to make the transmitter chemicals that diffuse across the synapses
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19
Q

Adaptation of muscle cell

A
  • Special proteins, slide over each other to make the fibres contract
  • Lots of mitochondria, transfers energy needed for the chemical reactions to take place as the cells contract and relax
  • Can store glycogen, can be broken down and used in cellular respiration by the mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the fibres to contract
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20
Q

Adaptations of sperm cells

A
  • Long tail, helps sperm move through the female reproductive system
  • Middle-section containing lots of mitochondria, transfers the energy needed for the tail to work
  • Acrosome, stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg
  • Large nucleus, contains the genetic information to be passed on
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21
Q

Adaptations of root hair cell

A
  • Has lots of root hairs which increase the surface area available for water to move into the cell
  • Large permanent vacuole, speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell
  • Lots of mitochondria, transfers energy needed for active transport of mineral ions into the root hair cells
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22
Q

Explain the difference between magnification and resolution

A

Magnification describes how many times larger the image is compared to the original, whereas resolution describes the clarity of the image being viewed.

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23
Q

Most animal cells have the following parts…

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribsomes
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24
Q

In addition to the parts found in animal cells, plant cells often have:

A
  • Chloroplasts
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Cell wall
25
Q

Explain the difference of differentiation in animal and plant cells

A
  • Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage
  • Many types of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life
26
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient

27
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A
  • Difference in concentrations
  • Temperature
  • Surface area
28
Q

How does the difference in concentrations affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The greater the difference in concentration/the steeper the concentration gradient between two areas, the faster the rate of diffusion

29
Q

How does the temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  • The higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy the particles in a gas or solution will have, so they move around quicker
  • Diffusion takes place more rapidly as the random movement of particles speeds up
30
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

A membrane with a greater surface area will have a greater rate of diffusion across it

31
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solution across a partially membrane

32
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is the same as the internal concentration, the solution is isotonic to the cell

33
Q

What is a hypertonic solution

A

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is higher than the internal concentration, the solution is hypertonic to the cell

34
Q

What is a hypotonic solution

A

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is lower than the internal concentration, the solution is hypotonic to the cell

35
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution, against a concentration gradient, with the use of energy from respiration

36
Q

Adaptations for exchanging materials

A

The effectiveness of an exchange surface can be increased by:
- having a large surface area over which exchange can take place
- having a thin membrane or being thin to provide a short diffusion path
- in animals, having an efficient blood supply moves the diffusing substances away from the exchange surfaces and maintains a steep concentration gradient
- in animals, being ventilated makes gas exchange more efficient by maintaining steep concentration gradients

37
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

The process where a cell becomes specialised to its function

38
Q

What is a concentration gradient

A

The difference in concentration between two areas

39
Q

What are plasmids?

A
  • Small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA
  • Carry genes that provide genetic advantages, for example, antibiotic resistance
40
Q

How do we calculate the total magnification of a microscope?

A

eyepiece lens x objective lens magnifying power

41
Q

Which focus knob should be used during low and medium power magnification?

A

Coarse focus knob

42
Q

Which focus knob should be used during high power magnification?

A

Fine focus knob

43
Q

Why does the tissue sample need to be stained before looking at it under the microscope?

A

To visualise/see structures clearly

44
Q

What is the function of the flagella?

A

To allow the cell to swim and move around

45
Q

Adaptations of xylem cells

A
  • Lignin builds up spirals in the cell walls and causes the cells to die. These dead cells form long, continuous, hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move easily through them, from one end of the plant to the other
  • Spirals and rings of lignin make the very strong and help them withstand the pressure of water moving up the plant. They also help support the plant stem
46
Q

Adaptations of phloem cells

A
  • The cell walls between the cells break down to form sieve plates. These allow water carrying dissolved food to move freely up and down the tubes to where it is needed
  • Phloem cels lose a lot of their internal structures but they are supported by companion cells that help to keep them alive. The mitochondria of the companion cells transfer energy needed to move dissolved food up and down the plant in phloem
47
Q

Differences in structure between xylem and phloem

A

Xylem:
- dead
- hollow tube
- has lignin

Phloem:
- living
- has sieve plates
- no lignin

48
Q

Substances that diffuse into our cells for use

A

Oxygen and glucose

49
Q

Substances that diffuse out of our cells to be removed

A

Carbon dioxide and urea

50
Q

Why is osmosis so important in plant cells?

A

Osmosis is important to maintain turgor in plant cells. Turgor pressure makes the cells hard and rigid, which in turn keeps the leaves and stems of the plant hard and rigid.

51
Q

Explain the importance of active transport in animals

A

Cells in the gut lining do active transport to absorb glucose effectively from the bloodstream

52
Q

Explain the importance of active transport in plants

A

Root hair cells carry out active transport to absorb mineral ions, required for healthy growth, effectively in dilute soil

53
Q

Adaptations for exchanging materials

A
  • Having a large surface area over which exchange can take place
  • Having a thin membrane or being thin to provide a short diffusion path
  • In animals, having an efficient blood supply moves the diffusing substances away from the exchange surfaces and maintains a steep concentration gradient
  • In animals, being ventilated makes gas exchange more efficient by maintaining steep concentration gradients
54
Q

How are alveoli adapted for efficient gaseous exchange?

A
  • Large surface area over which exchange can take place
  • Thin membrane for short diffusion distance
  • Rich blood supply maintains a steep concentration gradient
55
Q

How are plant roots adapted for efficient water and mineral absorption?

A
  • Root hairs provide a large surface area
  • Water constantly moves away from the roots in the transpiration stream, maintaining a steep concentration gradient in the cells
56
Q

How does stomata help maintain efficient gas exchange in leaves?

A
  • Provide a big surface area
  • Allows gases to move in and out of the cell, maintaining a steep concentration gradient for diffusion
57
Q

What two differences does an image produced by an electron microscope have compared to one with a light microscope?

A
  • Electron microscopes differ from light microscopes in that they produce an image of a specimen by using a beam of electrons rather than a beam of light.
  • Electrons have much a shorter wavelength than visible light, and this allows electron microscopes to produce higher-resolution images than standard light microscopes.
58
Q

Describe the trend between the size of the organism and the surface area to volume ratio

A

The ratio of surface area to volume falls as objects or organisms get bigger

59
Q

How are alveoli and villi adapted to their use?

A
  • Alveoli have an enormous surface area over which diffusion can take place
  • Both alveoli and villi have a very rich blood supply which maintains a steep concentration gradient, for effective gas exchange
  • Villi of the small intestine also provide a large surface area
  • Villi have thin walls which provides short diffusion paths
60
Q

Explain how electron microscopy has increased understanding of sub-cellular structures

A
  • An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope
  • This means that it can be used to study cells in finer detail
  • This has enabled biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures

Biology Paper 1 (12 decks)

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