practice exam lecture exam 2 Flashcards
the type of leukocyte that is very active during bacterial infection is
neutrophil
The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a
monocyte
which of the artery types contain internal and external elastic laminae?
muscular arteries
Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)
simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.
Which of the following supplies blood to the urinary bladder?
superior vesical artery
The function of the postcapillary venule is to
drain the capillary bed
at a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor
stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow
Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the _________ and the tissues of the body.
capillaries
Precapillary sphincters will
control blood flow into the true capillaries.
cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule.
open when the tissue needs nutrients.
close when the tissue’s needs have been met.
all are true
Increased cardiac output _________blank the blood pressure.
increases
The largest arteries of the body are classified as
elastic arteries
Which of the following does not contain red marrow?
long bones of the digits
Typically, a hilum of a lymph node contains
one efferent lymphatic vessel
The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the
subclavian veins
Lymphoid nodules consist of
lymphoid cells, extracellular matrix, and an incomplete connective tissue capsule.
Of the lymphatic trunks, which ones drain lymph from deep thoracic structures?
bronchomediastinal trunks
The term “primary lymphoid structure” applies
red bone marrow and the thymus
Lymphatic capillaries originate in the
tissue spaces between cells
The term “swollen glands” is usually meant to refer to lymph nodes in which
lymphocytes are proliferating in the germinal centers
In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?
left upper quadrant
Cytokines have a _________half-life and exert influence on _________.
short; immune and non-immune cells.
A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by
adaptive immunity
Upon activation, a T-lymphocyte
proliferates to form clones and memory cells.
Consuming meat that has been infected with a prion can lead to the disease
bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
The second signal during B-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation from
IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes.
Exudate is
fluid that leaves capillaries to “wash” the interstitial space of an injured tissue.
An individual gets a snake bite and goes to the hospital to receive antibodies against the venom. This individual is acquiring
passive immunity
Agglutination of mismatched blood is a function of
IgM, which is a pentamer.
Which part of an antibody attaches to an antigen?
The variable region
When compared to a primary response, the antibody levels in a secondary response
rise more rapidly and with a greater proportion of IgG antibodies.
MHC class I molecules present peptide fragments that are either “self” or “nonself”; in either case, the fragment becomes bound to the molecule while
in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
If T-lymphocytes that failed the negative selection test were not destroyed, the immune system would likely
cause autoimmune disorders.
A virus is _________ than a bacterial cell, and a virus is composed of _________.
smaller; nucleic acid within a protein capsid.
Often a virus-infected cell will release _________to prevent spread of the infection.
Interferon
Which type of antigen would have the greatest immunogenicity?
One that is large, complex, foreign, and abundant
Which of the following lists the body’s first, second, and third lines of defense in order?
External innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity
What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
When a chemical messenger has a short half-life, it means that
it will not have an extremely prolonged effect on target cells.
As T-lymphocytes leave the thymus, they are
naive and immunocompetent.
Most activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into
plasma cells
A membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that
forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis.
Active immunity requires
direct encounter with the antigen
When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or the entire breast, the axillary lymph nodes are often removed as well. Why?
The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells.
Which fluid does lymph most closely resemble?
interstitial fluid
Which lymphoid organ contains red pulp and white pulp?
spleen
“Complement” refers to a group of
plasma proteins
Chemotaxis is the process by which
cells migrate along chemical gradients
Antigens are
something that an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to.
The path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through
spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps.
Because lymphatic vessels have three tunics (intima, media, and externa) and valves, they structurally resemble
veins
Subclavian trunks drain lymph from the
upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thorax.
Red marrow is found within
spaces with spongy bone
Which type of cell is the most effective to attack multicellular parasites such as tapeworms?
eosinophils
Antigen-presenting cells are _________, and they display antigens to both _________ and _________.
immune cells; helper T-lymphocytes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
Why are functions of T-lymphocytes referred to as “cell-mediated” immunity?
Because T-lymphocytes work against antigens associated with cells
A network of small arteries called the _________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.
vasa vasorum
As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins
get larger
Valves in veins
cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.
Tendons and ligaments have
a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.
Malaria is a disease caused by a
protozoan
Defensins and lysosomes are both part of ________immunity and function as _________.
innate; attackers of pathogenic cells
If someone had a cut in their skin through which a bacterium entered, but that bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of
failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity.
Inflammation is a(n)
nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue.
Nonspecific immunity is another name for
innate immunity
Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?
numbness
High fevers can lead to protein denaturation and raise the likelihood of seizures. T/F?
True
Most bacterial species are pathogenic. T/F?
False
Which class of chemical messenger facilitates white blood cell formation in bone marrow?
Colony-stimulating factors
Complement facilitates inflammation by activating basophils and mast cells and by attracting macrophages and neutrophils. T/F?
True
Inflamed tissue feels warm due to
increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity.
Pyrogens act on the _________ of the brain where they cause release of _________.
hypothalamus; PGE2
Erythrocytes are antigen-presenting cells. T/F?
false
IgA is primarily found
in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus.
