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A&P 2 #2 > practice exam lecture exam 2 > Flashcards

practice exam lecture exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the type of leukocyte that is very active during bacterial infection is

A

neutrophil

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2
Q

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a

A

monocyte

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3
Q

which of the artery types contain internal and external elastic laminae?

A

muscular arteries

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4
Q

Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)

A

simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.

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5
Q

Which of the following supplies blood to the urinary bladder?

A

superior vesical artery

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6
Q

The function of the postcapillary venule is to

A

drain the capillary bed

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7
Q

at a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor

A

stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow

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8
Q

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the _________ and the tissues of the body.

A

capillaries

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9
Q

Precapillary sphincters will

A

control blood flow into the true capillaries.
cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule.
open when the tissue needs nutrients.
close when the tissue’s needs have been met.

all are true

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10
Q

Increased cardiac output _________blank the blood pressure.

A

increases

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11
Q

The largest arteries of the body are classified as

A

elastic arteries

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12
Q

Which of the following does not contain red marrow?

A

long bones of the digits

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13
Q

Typically, a hilum of a lymph node contains

A

one efferent lymphatic vessel

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14
Q

The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the

A

subclavian veins

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15
Q

Lymphoid nodules consist of

A

lymphoid cells, extracellular matrix, and an incomplete connective tissue capsule.

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16
Q

Of the lymphatic trunks, which ones drain lymph from deep thoracic structures?

A

bronchomediastinal trunks

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17
Q

The term “primary lymphoid structure” applies

A

red bone marrow and the thymus

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18
Q

Lymphatic capillaries originate in the

A

tissue spaces between cells

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19
Q

The term “swollen glands” is usually meant to refer to lymph nodes in which

A

lymphocytes are proliferating in the germinal centers

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20
Q

In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?

A

left upper quadrant

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21
Q

Cytokines have a _________half-life and exert influence on _________.

A

short; immune and non-immune cells.

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22
Q

A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by

A

adaptive immunity

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23
Q

Upon activation, a T-lymphocyte

A

proliferates to form clones and memory cells.

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24
Q

Consuming meat that has been infected with a prion can lead to the disease

A

bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

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25
Q

The second signal during B-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation from

A

IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes.

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26
Q

Exudate is

A

fluid that leaves capillaries to “wash” the interstitial space of an injured tissue.

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27
Q

An individual gets a snake bite and goes to the hospital to receive antibodies against the venom. This individual is acquiring

A

passive immunity

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28
Q

Agglutination of mismatched blood is a function of

A

IgM, which is a pentamer.

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29
Q

Which part of an antibody attaches to an antigen?

A

The variable region

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30
Q

When compared to a primary response, the antibody levels in a secondary response

A

rise more rapidly and with a greater proportion of IgG antibodies.

31
Q

MHC class I molecules present peptide fragments that are either “self” or “nonself”; in either case, the fragment becomes bound to the molecule while

A

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

32
Q

If T-lymphocytes that failed the negative selection test were not destroyed, the immune system would likely

A

cause autoimmune disorders.

33
Q

A virus is _________ than a bacterial cell, and a virus is composed of _________.

A

smaller; nucleic acid within a protein capsid.

34
Q

Often a virus-infected cell will release _________to prevent spread of the infection.

A

Interferon

35
Q

Which type of antigen would have the greatest immunogenicity?

A

One that is large, complex, foreign, and abundant

36
Q

Which of the following lists the body’s first, second, and third lines of defense in order?

A

External innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity

37
Q

What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

38
Q

When a chemical messenger has a short half-life, it means that

A

it will not have an extremely prolonged effect on target cells.

39
Q

As T-lymphocytes leave the thymus, they are

A

naive and immunocompetent.

40
Q

Most activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into

A

plasma cells

41
Q

A membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that

A

forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis.

42
Q

Active immunity requires

A

direct encounter with the antigen

43
Q

When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or the entire breast, the axillary lymph nodes are often removed as well. Why?

A

The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells.

44
Q

Which fluid does lymph most closely resemble?

A

interstitial fluid

44
Q

Which lymphoid organ contains red pulp and white pulp?

A

spleen

45
Q

“Complement” refers to a group of

A

plasma proteins

46
Q

Chemotaxis is the process by which

A

cells migrate along chemical gradients

47
Q

Antigens are

A

something that an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to.

48
Q

The path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through

A

spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps.

49
Q

Because lymphatic vessels have three tunics (intima, media, and externa) and valves, they structurally resemble

A

veins

50
Q

Subclavian trunks drain lymph from the

A

upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thorax.

51
Q

Red marrow is found within

A

spaces with spongy bone

52
Q

Which type of cell is the most effective to attack multicellular parasites such as tapeworms?

A

eosinophils

53
Q

Antigen-presenting cells are _________, and they display antigens to both _________ and _________.

A

immune cells; helper T-lymphocytes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

54
Q

Why are functions of T-lymphocytes referred to as “cell-mediated” immunity?

A

Because T-lymphocytes work against antigens associated with cells

55
Q

A network of small arteries called the _________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.

A

vasa vasorum

56
Q

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins

A

get larger

57
Q

Valves in veins

A

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

58
Q

Tendons and ligaments have

A

a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.

59
Q

Malaria is a disease caused by a

A

protozoan

60
Q

Defensins and lysosomes are both part of ________immunity and function as _________.

A

innate; attackers of pathogenic cells

61
Q

If someone had a cut in their skin through which a bacterium entered, but that bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of

A

failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity.

62
Q

Inflammation is a(n)

A

nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue.

63
Q

Nonspecific immunity is another name for

A

innate immunity

64
Q

Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

numbness

65
Q

High fevers can lead to protein denaturation and raise the likelihood of seizures. T/F?

A

True

66
Q

Most bacterial species are pathogenic. T/F?

A

False

67
Q

Which class of chemical messenger facilitates white blood cell formation in bone marrow?

A

Colony-stimulating factors

68
Q

Complement facilitates inflammation by activating basophils and mast cells and by attracting macrophages and neutrophils. T/F?

A

True

69
Q

Inflamed tissue feels warm due to

A

increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity.

70
Q

Pyrogens act on the _________ of the brain where they cause release of _________.

A

hypothalamus; PGE2

71
Q

Erythrocytes are antigen-presenting cells. T/F?

A

false

72
Q

IgA is primarily found

A

in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus.

73
Q
A

A&P 2 #2 (4 decks)

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