practice exam lecture exam 2

Question 1

the type of leukocyte that is very active during bacterial infection is

Answer 1

neutrophil

Question 2

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a

Answer 2

monocyte

Question 3

which of the artery types contain internal and external elastic laminae?

Answer 3

muscular arteries

Question 4

Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)

Answer 4

simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.

Question 5

Which of the following supplies blood to the urinary bladder?

Answer 5

superior vesical artery

Question 6

The function of the postcapillary venule is to

Answer 6

drain the capillary bed

Question 7

at a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor

Answer 7

stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow

Question 8

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the _________ and the tissues of the body.

Answer 8

capillaries

Question 9

Precapillary sphincters will

Answer 9

control blood flow into the true capillaries.
cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule.
open when the tissue needs nutrients.
close when the tissue’s needs have been met.

all are true

Question 10

Increased cardiac output _________blank the blood pressure.

Answer 10

increases

Question 11

The largest arteries of the body are classified as

Answer 11

elastic arteries

Question 12

Which of the following does not contain red marrow?

Answer 12

long bones of the digits

Question 13

Typically, a hilum of a lymph node contains

Answer 13

one efferent lymphatic vessel

Question 14

The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the

Answer 14

subclavian veins

Question 15

Lymphoid nodules consist of

Answer 15

lymphoid cells, extracellular matrix, and an incomplete connective tissue capsule.

Question 16

Of the lymphatic trunks, which ones drain lymph from deep thoracic structures?

Answer 16

bronchomediastinal trunks

Question 17

The term “primary lymphoid structure” applies

Answer 17

red bone marrow and the thymus

Question 18

Lymphatic capillaries originate in the

Answer 18

tissue spaces between cells

Question 19

The term “swollen glands” is usually meant to refer to lymph nodes in which

Answer 19

lymphocytes are proliferating in the germinal centers

Question 20

In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?

Answer 20

left upper quadrant

Question 21

Cytokines have a _________half-life and exert influence on _________.

Answer 21

short; immune and non-immune cells.

Question 22

A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by

Answer 22

adaptive immunity

Question 23

Upon activation, a T-lymphocyte

Answer 23

proliferates to form clones and memory cells.

Question 24

Consuming meat that has been infected with a prion can lead to the disease

Answer 24

bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Question 25

The second signal during B-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation from

Answer 25

IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes.

Question 26

Exudate is

Answer 26

fluid that leaves capillaries to "wash" the interstitial space of an injured tissue.

Question 27

An individual gets a snake bite and goes to the hospital to receive antibodies against the venom. This individual is acquiring

Answer 27

passive immunity

Question 28

Agglutination of mismatched blood is a function of

Answer 28

IgM, which is a pentamer.

Question 29

Which part of an antibody attaches to an antigen?

Answer 29

The variable region

Question 30

When compared to a primary response, the antibody levels in a secondary response

Answer 30

rise more rapidly and with a greater proportion of IgG antibodies.

Question 31

MHC class I molecules present peptide fragments that are either "self" or "nonself"; in either case, the fragment becomes bound to the molecule while

Answer 31

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 32

If T-lymphocytes that failed the negative selection test were not destroyed, the immune system would likely

Answer 32

cause autoimmune disorders.

Question 33

A virus is _________ than a bacterial cell, and a virus is composed of _________.

Answer 33

smaller; nucleic acid within a protein capsid.

Question 34

Often a virus-infected cell will release _________to prevent spread of the infection.

Answer 34

Interferon

Question 35

Which type of antigen would have the greatest immunogenicity?

Answer 35

One that is large, complex, foreign, and abundant

Question 36

Which of the following lists the body's first, second, and third lines of defense in order?

Answer 36

External innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity

Question 37

What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?

Answer 37

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

Question 38

When a chemical messenger has a short half-life, it means that

Answer 38

it will not have an extremely prolonged effect on target cells.

Question 39

As T-lymphocytes leave the thymus, they are

Answer 39

naive and immunocompetent.

Question 40

Most activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into

Answer 40

plasma cells

Question 41

A membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that

Answer 41

forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis.

Question 42

Active immunity requires

Answer 42

direct encounter with the antigen

Question 43

When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or the entire breast, the axillary lymph nodes are often removed as well. Why?

Answer 43

The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells.

Question 44

Which fluid does lymph most closely resemble?

Answer 44

interstitial fluid

Question 44

Which lymphoid organ contains red pulp and white pulp?

Answer 44

spleen

Question 45

"Complement" refers to a group of

Answer 45

plasma proteins

Question 46

Chemotaxis is the process by which

Answer 46

cells migrate along chemical gradients

Question 47

Antigens are

Answer 47

something that an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to.

Question 48

The path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through

Answer 48

spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps.

Question 49

Because lymphatic vessels have three tunics (intima, media, and externa) and valves, they structurally resemble

Answer 49

veins

Question 50

Subclavian trunks drain lymph from the

Answer 50

upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thorax.

Question 51

Red marrow is found within

Answer 51

spaces with spongy bone

Question 52

Which type of cell is the most effective to attack multicellular parasites such as tapeworms?

Answer 52

eosinophils

Question 53

Antigen-presenting cells are _________, and they display antigens to both _________ and _________.

Answer 53

immune cells; helper T-lymphocytes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Question 54

Why are functions of T-lymphocytes referred to as "cell-mediated" immunity?

Answer 54

Because T-lymphocytes work against antigens associated with cells

Question 55

A network of small arteries called the _________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.

Answer 55

vasa vasorum

Question 56

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins

Answer 56

get larger

Question 57

Valves in veins

Answer 57

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

Question 58

Tendons and ligaments have

Answer 58

a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.

Question 59

Malaria is a disease caused by a

Answer 59

protozoan

Question 60

Defensins and lysosomes are both part of ________immunity and function as _________.

Answer 60

innate; attackers of pathogenic cells

Question 61

If someone had a cut in their skin through which a bacterium entered, but that bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of

Answer 61

failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity.

Question 62

Inflammation is a(n)

Answer 62

nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue.

Question 63

Nonspecific immunity is another name for

Answer 63

innate immunity

Question 64

Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 64

numbness

Question 65

High fevers can lead to protein denaturation and raise the likelihood of seizures. T/F?

Answer 65

True

Question 66

Most bacterial species are pathogenic. T/F?

Answer 66

False

Question 67

Which class of chemical messenger facilitates white blood cell formation in bone marrow?

Answer 67

Colony-stimulating factors

Question 68

Complement facilitates inflammation by activating basophils and mast cells and by attracting macrophages and neutrophils. T/F?

Answer 68

True

Question 69

Inflamed tissue feels warm due to

Answer 69

increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity.

Question 70

Pyrogens act on the _________ of the brain where they cause release of _________.

Answer 70

hypothalamus; PGE2

Question 71

Erythrocytes are antigen-presenting cells. T/F?

Answer 71

false

Question 72

IgA is primarily found

Answer 72

in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus.