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A&P 2 #2 > Lymphatics Ch. 21 > Flashcards

Lymphatics Ch. 21 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A

Transport and house lymphocytes and other
immune cells.
* Return excess fluid in body tissues to blood to
maintain blood volume

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2
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system

A

Lymph vessels, lymphoid tissues and organs, lymph fluid

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3
Q

Some interstitial fluid leaves blood capillaries and is not reabsorbed by them.
T/F?

A

T

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4
Q

Interstitial fluid that moves into lymphatic capillaries is known as what?

A

Lymph

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5
Q

What is lymph composed of?

A

Water, dissolved solutes, and small amounts of protein.
Sometimes contains cell debris, pathogens, or cancer cells

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6
Q

What are the small closed-ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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7
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries absent?

A

Avascular tissues, red marrow, spleen and CNS

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8
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger than blood capillaries with no basement membrane. T/F?

A

T

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9
Q

Walls of lymphatic capillaries are made of ________

A

Overlapping endothelial cells

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10
Q

What is the purpose of anchoring filaments?

A

Hold endothelial cells to nearby structures

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11
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lymphatic capillaries in GI tract.

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12
Q

Where are lacteals

A

GI tract

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13
Q

What is the purpose of lacteals

A

Absorb lipid soluble substances from GI tract

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14
Q

What pushes lymph into capillary?

A

Hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid

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15
Q

What is the movement of lymph through vessels of larger and larger size?

A

Lymphatic capillaries ->
Lymphatic vessels. ->
Lymphatic trunks ->
Lymphatic ducts

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16
Q

Where is fluid ultimately returned to?

A

Blood circulation

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17
Q

Wandering cancerous cells establish what?

A

Secondary tumors

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18
Q

Tumor development in other locations in the body is known as what?

A

Metastasis

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19
Q

What is the reason for metastasis?

A

Cancerous cells break free from primary tumor

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20
Q

Lymphatic vessels are fed by what?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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21
Q

Lymphatic vessels are located _________ to arteries and veins.

A

adjacent

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22
Q

Lymphatic vessels have which vessel tunics?

A

All 3. Intima, media, externa

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23
Q

Lymphatic vessels have ________ to prevent pooling and backflow of lymph.

A

Valves

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24
Q

Lymphatic system lacks a ______.

A

pump

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25
Q

Lymphatic system moves lymph using:

A

-Skeletal muscles/respiratory pumps

-pulsatile movement of blood in nearby arteries

-Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in larger lymph vessel walls.

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26
Q

Some vessels connect to _____ _____ for lymph filtration.

A

Lymph nodes

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27
Q

Lymphatic trunks are fed by lymphatic ________.

A

vessels.

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28
Q

_______ trunks drain lymph from head and neck.

A

Jugular.

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29
Q

________ trunks drain upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thoracic wall.

A

subclavian

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30
Q

___________ trunks drain deep thoracic structures

A

bronchomediastinal trunk

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31
Q

____________ trunks drain most abdominal structures.

A

Intestinal trunks

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32
Q

__________ trunks drain lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic organs.

A

Lumbar trunk

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33
Q

Lymphatic ducts are fed by lymphatic _________.

A

Trunks

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34
Q

Lymphatic ducts are the _____ lymphatic vessel.

A

largest

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35
Q

Lymphatic ducts bring lymph to _____ ______ circulation

A

venous blood

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36
Q

What are the two lymphatic ducts?

A

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

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37
Q

Right lymphatic duct is near right ________.

A

clavicle

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38
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains what?

A

Upper right quadrant of body

-right side of head/neck
-right upper limb
-right side of thorax

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39
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct deliver lymph?

A

To junction of right subclavian and right internal jugular veins

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40
Q

Thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel and has saclike _____ _____ at its base.

A

Cisterna chyli

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41
Q

What receives lipid-rich chyle from GI tract?

A

Cisterna Chyli in the thoracic duct.

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42
Q

Lymphedema is

A

Accumulation of interstitial fluid due to interference with lymphatic drainage

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43
Q

Lymphedema is most common in some __________ infections

A

parasitic

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44
Q

Primary lymphoid structures are involved in _________ and __________ of lymphocytes.

A

Formation and maturation

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45
Q

Secondary lymphoid structures do not form lymphocytes but ______ them and other immune cells

A

House

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46
Q

Secondary lymphoid structures house

A

lymphocytes and other immune cells

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47
Q

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules, MALT are examples of ________ ________ structures

A

secondary lymphoid structures.

48
Q

Which is the sites for immune response initiation?
Primary Lymphoid Structures or Secondary?

A

Secondary lymphoid structures

49
Q

What is located between trabeculae of spongy bone in flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, ossa coxae, heads of humerus and femur.

A

Red bone marrow

50
Q

Red bone marrow is the site of ____________ or the production of blood’s formed elements.

A

Hematopoiesis

51
Q

Formed elements within the bone marrow include

A

T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes

52
Q

T-lymphocytes migrate from the bone marrow to the ______ to complete maturation

A

Thymus

53
Q

the _________ is involved in T-lymphocyte maturation and is located in the mediastinum.

A

thymus

54
Q

The thymus is _______ in children than adults.

A

Larger

55
Q

The thymus grows until puberty, then regresses; gradually replaced by _______ tissue.

A

adipose

56
Q

The thymus consists of two ______ ______, each surrounded by connective tissue capsule.

A

Thymic lobes

57
Q

____________ of capsules subdivide lobes into lobules.

A

Trabeculae

58
Q

Each lobule has outer ______ and inner ________ regions.

A

Cortex and Medulla

59
Q

The outer ________ contains immature T-lymphocytes.

A

Cortex

60
Q

The ______ contains mature T-lymphocytes

A

Medulla

61
Q

Secondary lymphoid structures are organized into _________ and aggregates of ________ _______.

A

Lymphoid organs and aggregates of lymphoid nodules

62
Q

Lymphoid organs have a complete capsule of dense irregular ______ tissue.

A

connective

63
Q

Example of two organs with a complete capsule

A

Spleen and lymph nodes

64
Q

Which lymphoid structures have an incomplete capsule or lack one?

A

Tonsils, MALT, diffuse lymphoid nodules

65
Q

What is the purpose of lymph nodes?

A

Filter lymph, remove unwanted substances

66
Q

Lymph nodes are located along which pathways of lymph vessels?

A

deep and superficial

67
Q

__________ lymph nodes receive lymph from head and neck.

A

Cervical

68
Q

__________ lymph nodes receive lymph from breast, axilla, and upper limb

A

Axillary

69
Q

__________ lymph nodes in groin receive lymph from lower limb and pelvis.

A

Inguinal

70
Q

Lymph node components include:

A

-afferent lymphatic vessels
-hilum
-trabeculae
-cortex
-medulla

71
Q

Which vessel drains a lymph node

A

Efferent

72
Q

Which vessel brings lymph to the node?

A

Afferent

73
Q

Where is the efferent vessel located?

A

at hilum

74
Q

The cortex of a lymph node contains __________ _________.

A

Lymphoid nodules.

75
Q

The medulla of a lymph node contains ______ ______.

A

Medullary cords

76
Q

Reticular fibers in the cortex support a ______ center.

A

germinal

77
Q

Cortical _______ are tiny open channels lined by macrophages.

A

Cortical sinuses

78
Q

Medullary _______ are tiny open channels lined with macrophages.

A

sinuses

79
Q

Lymph enters through several afferent vessels, and exits through one single ______ vessel.

A

efferent

80
Q

___________ remove foreign debris from lymph

A

macrophages

81
Q

___________ may initiate immune response and proliferate especially in germinal centers. They can also cause enlarged nodes that can be palpated in neck and axilla.

A

Lymphocytes

82
Q

What is the malignant neoplasm from lymphoid structures?

A

lymphoma

83
Q

Which lymphoma is common in young adults and people over 60?

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

84
Q

Which lymphoma is more common, with some being slow growing and others more aggressive?

A

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

85
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

86
Q

What is the indentation where blood vessels and nerves enter the spleen?

A

Hilum

87
Q

What supplies blood to the spleen?

A

Splenic artery

88
Q

What drains blood from the spleen?

A

Splenic vein

89
Q

What are the two tissues of the spleen?

A

White pulp and red pulp

90
Q

Which pulp of the spleen contains clusters of T- and B- lymphocytes and macrophages around the central artery?

A

White pulp

91
Q

Which pulp of the spleen is the storage site for erythrocytes and platelets.
Contains erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages and B- lymphocytes

A

Red Pulp

92
Q

What are the cells and reticular connective tissue in the red pulp?

A

Splenic cords

93
Q

What are the very permeable capillaries within the red pulp of the spleen?

A

Splenic sinusoids

94
Q

The spleen filters and monitors ________.

A

blood

95
Q

White pulp of the spleen monitors for _______ and ______.

A

foreign materials and bacteria

96
Q

What is the path of flow in the spleen?

A

splenic artery
central artery
sinusoids
venules
splenic vein

97
Q

___________ in sinusoids of red pulp phagocytize bacteria, debris, defective erythrocytes and platelets.

A

macrophages

98
Q

In the first five months of fetal life, spleen makes blood cells. This can be reactivated under certain conditions, this is called _________ hematopoiesis.

A

Extramedullary

99
Q

surgical removal of the spleen is known as

A

splenectomy

100
Q

What are common reasons for splenectomy?

A

Ruptured from abdominal injury

infection,cyst, or tumor

lymphoma or other cancers
blood disorders

101
Q

which tonsil is located in the nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal

102
Q

When pharyngeal tonsils are enlarged, they are called _________.

A

Adenoids

103
Q

Which tonsils are located in the posterolateral oral cavity?

A

Palatine

104
Q

Which tonsils are located along the posterior one third of the tongue?

A

Lingual

105
Q

Tonsils are _______ lymphoid structures.

A

secondary

106
Q

What are responsible for immune surveillance of inhaled and ingested substances?

A

Tonsils

107
Q

Invaginations that trap material and contain lymphoid nodules are known as:

A

Tonsillar crypts

108
Q

Inflammation and infection of tonsils is known as

A

acute tonsilitis

109
Q

Which tonsils are most commonly affected by acute tonsilitis?

A

Palatine

110
Q

Fever, chills, sore throat and difficulty swallowing are symptoms of

A

acute tonsilitis

111
Q

Persistent reccurent infections that may require a tonsillectomy, is known as :

A

Chronic tonsilitis

112
Q

MALT stands for _________-________ ________ tissue.

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

113
Q

Where is MALT located?

A

GI, respiratory, genital and urinary tracts

114
Q

MALT are prominent in small intestines, especially the ______.

A

ileum

115
Q

________ patches are large collections of lymphoid nodules within the wall of the GI tract.

A

A&P 2 #2 (4 decks)

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