Lymphatics Ch. 21 Flashcards
functions of the lymphatic system
Transport and house lymphocytes and other
immune cells.
* Return excess fluid in body tissues to blood to
maintain blood volume
What are the components of the lymphatic system
Lymph vessels, lymphoid tissues and organs, lymph fluid
Some interstitial fluid leaves blood capillaries and is not reabsorbed by them.
T/F?
T
Interstitial fluid that moves into lymphatic capillaries is known as what?
Lymph
What is lymph composed of?
Water, dissolved solutes, and small amounts of protein.
Sometimes contains cell debris, pathogens, or cancer cells
What are the small closed-ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid?
Lymphatic capillaries
Where are lymphatic capillaries absent?
Avascular tissues, red marrow, spleen and CNS
Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger than blood capillaries with no basement membrane. T/F?
T
Walls of lymphatic capillaries are made of ________
Overlapping endothelial cells
What is the purpose of anchoring filaments?
Hold endothelial cells to nearby structures
What are lacteals?
Lymphatic capillaries in GI tract.
Where are lacteals
GI tract
What is the purpose of lacteals
Absorb lipid soluble substances from GI tract
What pushes lymph into capillary?
Hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid
What is the movement of lymph through vessels of larger and larger size?
Lymphatic capillaries ->
Lymphatic vessels. ->
Lymphatic trunks ->
Lymphatic ducts
Where is fluid ultimately returned to?
Blood circulation
Wandering cancerous cells establish what?
Secondary tumors
Tumor development in other locations in the body is known as what?
Metastasis
What is the reason for metastasis?
Cancerous cells break free from primary tumor
Lymphatic vessels are fed by what?
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels are located _________ to arteries and veins.
adjacent
Lymphatic vessels have which vessel tunics?
All 3. Intima, media, externa
Lymphatic vessels have ________ to prevent pooling and backflow of lymph.
Valves
Lymphatic system lacks a ______.
pump
Lymphatic system moves lymph using:
-Skeletal muscles/respiratory pumps
-pulsatile movement of blood in nearby arteries
-Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in larger lymph vessel walls.
Some vessels connect to _____ _____ for lymph filtration.
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic trunks are fed by lymphatic ________.
vessels.
_______ trunks drain lymph from head and neck.
Jugular.
________ trunks drain upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thoracic wall.
subclavian
___________ trunks drain deep thoracic structures
bronchomediastinal trunk
____________ trunks drain most abdominal structures.
Intestinal trunks
__________ trunks drain lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic organs.
Lumbar trunk
Lymphatic ducts are fed by lymphatic _________.
Trunks
Lymphatic ducts are the _____ lymphatic vessel.
largest
Lymphatic ducts bring lymph to _____ ______ circulation
venous blood
What are the two lymphatic ducts?
Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct is near right ________.
clavicle
The right lymphatic duct drains what?
Upper right quadrant of body
-right side of head/neck
-right upper limb
-right side of thorax
Where does the right lymphatic duct deliver lymph?
To junction of right subclavian and right internal jugular veins
Thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel and has saclike _____ _____ at its base.
Cisterna chyli
What receives lipid-rich chyle from GI tract?
Cisterna Chyli in the thoracic duct.
Lymphedema is
Accumulation of interstitial fluid due to interference with lymphatic drainage
Lymphedema is most common in some __________ infections
parasitic
Primary lymphoid structures are involved in _________ and __________ of lymphocytes.
Formation and maturation
Secondary lymphoid structures do not form lymphocytes but ______ them and other immune cells
House
Secondary lymphoid structures house
lymphocytes and other immune cells
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules, MALT are examples of ________ ________ structures
secondary lymphoid structures.
Which is the sites for immune response initiation?
Primary Lymphoid Structures or Secondary?
Secondary lymphoid structures
What is located between trabeculae of spongy bone in flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, ossa coxae, heads of humerus and femur.
Red bone marrow
Red bone marrow is the site of ____________ or the production of blood’s formed elements.
Hematopoiesis
Formed elements within the bone marrow include
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes migrate from the bone marrow to the ______ to complete maturation
Thymus
the _________ is involved in T-lymphocyte maturation and is located in the mediastinum.
thymus
The thymus is _______ in children than adults.
Larger
The thymus grows until puberty, then regresses; gradually replaced by _______ tissue.
adipose
The thymus consists of two ______ ______, each surrounded by connective tissue capsule.
Thymic lobes
____________ of capsules subdivide lobes into lobules.
Trabeculae
Each lobule has outer ______ and inner ________ regions.
Cortex and Medulla
The outer ________ contains immature T-lymphocytes.
Cortex
The ______ contains mature T-lymphocytes
Medulla
Secondary lymphoid structures are organized into _________ and aggregates of ________ _______.
Lymphoid organs and aggregates of lymphoid nodules
Lymphoid organs have a complete capsule of dense irregular ______ tissue.
connective
Example of two organs with a complete capsule
Spleen and lymph nodes
Which lymphoid structures have an incomplete capsule or lack one?
Tonsils, MALT, diffuse lymphoid nodules
What is the purpose of lymph nodes?
Filter lymph, remove unwanted substances
Lymph nodes are located along which pathways of lymph vessels?
deep and superficial
__________ lymph nodes receive lymph from head and neck.
Cervical
__________ lymph nodes receive lymph from breast, axilla, and upper limb
Axillary
__________ lymph nodes in groin receive lymph from lower limb and pelvis.
Inguinal
Lymph node components include:
-afferent lymphatic vessels
-hilum
-trabeculae
-cortex
-medulla
Which vessel drains a lymph node
Efferent
Which vessel brings lymph to the node?
Afferent
Where is the efferent vessel located?
at hilum
The cortex of a lymph node contains __________ _________.
Lymphoid nodules.
The medulla of a lymph node contains ______ ______.
Medullary cords
Reticular fibers in the cortex support a ______ center.
germinal
Cortical _______ are tiny open channels lined by macrophages.
Cortical sinuses
Medullary _______ are tiny open channels lined with macrophages.
sinuses
Lymph enters through several afferent vessels, and exits through one single ______ vessel.
efferent
___________ remove foreign debris from lymph
macrophages
___________ may initiate immune response and proliferate especially in germinal centers. They can also cause enlarged nodes that can be palpated in neck and axilla.
Lymphocytes
What is the malignant neoplasm from lymphoid structures?
lymphoma
Which lymphoma is common in young adults and people over 60?
Hodgkin lymphoma
Which lymphoma is more common, with some being slow growing and others more aggressive?
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
What is the largest lymphoid organ?
Spleen
What is the indentation where blood vessels and nerves enter the spleen?
Hilum
What supplies blood to the spleen?
Splenic artery
What drains blood from the spleen?
Splenic vein
What are the two tissues of the spleen?
White pulp and red pulp
Which pulp of the spleen contains clusters of T- and B- lymphocytes and macrophages around the central artery?
White pulp
Which pulp of the spleen is the storage site for erythrocytes and platelets.
Contains erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages and B- lymphocytes
Red Pulp
What are the cells and reticular connective tissue in the red pulp?
Splenic cords
What are the very permeable capillaries within the red pulp of the spleen?
Splenic sinusoids
The spleen filters and monitors ________.
blood
White pulp of the spleen monitors for _______ and ______.
foreign materials and bacteria
What is the path of flow in the spleen?
splenic artery
central artery
sinusoids
venules
splenic vein
___________ in sinusoids of red pulp phagocytize bacteria, debris, defective erythrocytes and platelets.
macrophages
In the first five months of fetal life, spleen makes blood cells. This can be reactivated under certain conditions, this is called _________ hematopoiesis.
Extramedullary
surgical removal of the spleen is known as
splenectomy
What are common reasons for splenectomy?
Ruptured from abdominal injury
infection,cyst, or tumor
lymphoma or other cancers
blood disorders
which tonsil is located in the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal
When pharyngeal tonsils are enlarged, they are called _________.
Adenoids
Which tonsils are located in the posterolateral oral cavity?
Palatine
Which tonsils are located along the posterior one third of the tongue?
Lingual
Tonsils are _______ lymphoid structures.
secondary
What are responsible for immune surveillance of inhaled and ingested substances?
Tonsils
Invaginations that trap material and contain lymphoid nodules are known as:
Tonsillar crypts
Inflammation and infection of tonsils is known as
acute tonsilitis
Which tonsils are most commonly affected by acute tonsilitis?
Palatine
Fever, chills, sore throat and difficulty swallowing are symptoms of
acute tonsilitis
Persistent reccurent infections that may require a tonsillectomy, is known as :
Chronic tonsilitis
MALT stands for _________-________ ________ tissue.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Where is MALT located?
GI, respiratory, genital and urinary tracts
MALT are prominent in small intestines, especially the ______.
ileum
________ patches are large collections of lymphoid nodules within the wall of the GI tract.
