Practice Exam Flashcards
______ is associated with the loss of impulse control and overreaction to stimuli that does not usually provoke a reaction.
Roid Rage
Human parental caregiving also depends on cultural norms, practices based on short and long-term family goals generating top-down processes requiring the participation of subcortical areas.
False
Hormones interact with the expression of genes on the “Y” and “X” chromosomes in determining the differences between males and females.
True
The social behavior neural network (SBNN), interconnected brain areas, mediate ______.
Social behaviors
The steroids hormone cortisol are produced in the ______.
Adrenal gland
Females with a CHA genetic disorder that affects the adrenal gland’s ability to produce cortisol display masculinized genitals and behavior.
True
What is the name for behavioral interactions between individuals of the same species that are beneficial to one or more individuals of the species?
Social behaviors
Differences in brain structures between homosexual and heterosexual men have been found.
True
In 2010, neuroscientist Kiehl performed an fMRI of convicted murderer Brian Dugan’s brain to find out if it showed abnormalities that would support a profile of uncontrollable emotions for criminal defense; the first case in the United States to use brain scan as evidence.
False
Emotional expression is the ______ behaviors that accompany emotions.
Covert or overt
In nature, aggressive behavior is adaptive as it provides a means for species to protect their young and territory as well as to fight over food or mates and for maintaining social hierarchies.
True
An example of impulsive aggression resulting from perceived threat might be ______.
Ambushing
Emotions are automatic physiological, behavioral and cognitive reaction to ______.
External or internal events
High levels of cortisol combined with ______ of testosterone results in fear and withdrawal.
Low levels
The Klüver-Bucy Syndrome is symptomatic ______and flattened emotions following the removal of the temporal lobes.
Loss of fear
In behavioral science, premise of the two most typical types of aggression, ______ is the most harmful.
Instrumental
Sensitization occurs because sensitizing stimuli increase levels of arousal with higher levels of intensity and lower the response threshold to other stimuli.
True
Learning can be defined as the mechanism or process by which ______ is acquired through experience.
New information
The change in the strength of synapses that occurs as result of a single experience is activity-dependent synaptic plasticity.
False
Muller and Pilzecker’s rat shock-train experiment observation strongly indicate new memories require a period of consolidation before moving to a more permanent form.
True
Memory takes many forms and the different forms of memories are processed by different memory systems in the brain.
True
______ is thought to take place at the cellular and systems levels in the transition of short-term to long-term storage.
Memory consolidation
Memories must undergo systems consolidation to be stored in long-term memory and this process takes place over time period of ______.
Days to years
A decrease in response to a stimulus with its repeated occurrence is ______.
Habituation
People with locked-in syndrome are paralyzed and are unable to speak but in assessments clearly show ______.
Cognitive functioning
Libet and Soon’s research findings suggest that motor actions may be the product of unconscious brain processes that ______ the conscious decision to act.
Precede
Patients in unresponsive wakefulness go through normal sleep/wake cycles
True
The lack of a sound scientific explanation of how neural mechanisms are linked to subjective experience has been called the ______ by philosopher Joseph Levine.
Explanatory gap
Attention on features of objects include, color, shape, and ______.
Direction of motion
On the Glasgow coma scale a patient is considered to be in a coma if their score is ______.
= 8/15
When asked to copy drawings of objects, unilateral neglect patients typically, only copy one side of the objects.
True
The gene-environment interactions study between genetic inheritance and environmental factors surprisingly indicate that identical twins genetics accounts for ______ of having a disorder if one of the two has a genetic predisposed disorder.
Group of answer choices
48%
Research in anxiety disorder has found that anxiety is related to at least ______ functional networks of brain areas.
4
Anxiety disorders give rise to ______ avoidance and escapist tendencies.
Abnormally strong
Obsessive thought disorder can result in a person feeling compelled to complete a specific ______ to avoid calamity.
Ritual
From research finding the neurotransmitter ______ is involved in anxiety and important for regulating mood and is the target of many anti-depressant drugs.
Serotonin
Disorganized behavior, which refers to behavior that is bizarre or unusual is an example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia.
False
Major depressive disorder is characterized by a sad mood accompanied by a ______ in usual activities.
Loss of pleasure
The prisoner dilemma tests one’s decision process in making a decision related cooperation and is a question of ______.
To trust or not to trust
______ state that our cognitive processing refers an innate module that specializes in theory of mind within the brain when trying to attribute mental states to others.
Modularity Theories
Pain is regulated through activation processing of ______ brain region.
Right ventral prefrontal cortex (RVPFC)
The ______ of pain relates to the perceived unpleasantness of the pain-inducing stimulus and involves the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).
Affective dimension
The ______ posits that theory of mind is dependent on our ability to inhibit our own thoughts and behavior (inhibitory control) and inhibit taking our own perspective when trying to attribute mental states to others.
Executive theory
______ states that a theory of mind is achieved through our ability to put ourselves in a person’s mental “shoes” and imagine (“simulate”) what we would experience in a similar situation thus attributing mental states to others.
Simulation theories
Research has concluded that self-awareness depends on a network of brain areas in the center of the brain known as the ______ structures.
Cortical midline
Psychologist Gallup developed a test designed to find out whether animals were self-aware. This test became known as the ______.
Social test
A protein known as the sex-determining region ______ is the protein that causes the fetus to produce male gonads and to inhibit the formation of female gonads.
Y protein
Early research by physiologist Berthold produced data evidence that indicated male species testicles produced substance that influenced physical and ______ development.
Behavioral
Melanocorticoids, which regulate sodium and potassium levels, also regulate levels of androgens such as ______.
Testosterone
Infants born with insufficient levels of thyroxine will suffer intellectual deficiency unless it is administered to them shortly after birth.
True
The most obvious difference in brain structures between males and females is the size of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the pre-optic area (SDN-POA) of the ______.
Hypothalamus
Cortisol released in stress response gives the body a burst of energy by preventing glucose from being stored, thus making more of it available to the muscles, while shutting down processes that are ______.
Not essential
Emotional experience comprises the ______ that identify and organize particular emotions.
Labels
In nature, aggressive behavior is adaptive as it provides a means for species to protect their young and territory as well as to fight over food or mates and for maintaining social hierarchies.
True
Impulsive aggression is emotion-driven and associated with high levels of physiological arousal in humans resulting in defensiveness to being provoked, threatened, or attacked.
True
From observation of the prototypical emotional disturbances after damage to the prefrontal cortex in Phineas Gage’s iron rod through skull accident, it was determined that the ______ process was impaired.
Decision making
Papez’s identified brain structures of hypothalamus and cingulate cortex in his circuit explanation of express and experience of emotion was updated by the work of McLean wherein he added the brain areas of amygdala, septum, and ______ to the loop processing network.
Prefrontal cortex
A type of hostile social behavior aimed at inflicting damage or harm to others is the simple definition for ______ behavior.
Aggressive
One of the oldest theories of emotions is known as the James-Lange theory.
True
______ model theory is the idea that the hippocampus is always involved in the storage and retrieval of memories.
Multiple-trace
In habituation, an organism learns that a stimulus does not predict any event that presents a threat to its survival, and that it can dispense from responding to it.
True
Repeated experience results in change in the ______ of synapses in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity procedures.
Strength
Conversion of sensory information into an understandable and usable form is known as ______.
Encoding
The experimental evidence indicating the ______ prefrontal cortex in working memory came from early studies in which monkeys with damage to this area successfully completed a delayed response task.
Dorsolateral
A form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a meaningful stimulus to create a reflexive response is a form of classical conditioning.
True
The ______ association area links information from all association areas and is involved in higher mental functions such as memory and planning.
Anterior
The extent of ongoing stimuli being processed is the ______ state of consciousness.
Awareness
The dorsal-frontoparietal system is involved in the ______ control of attention.
Top-down
PET scan brain imagining shows intact cerebral metabolism (activity) in the _______ of the locked-in patient.
Primary visual cortex
The multimodal association area that links emotions and memory to sensory inputs is the ______ association area.
Anterior
EEG recordings of participants were instructed to press a button upon “urge” to press the button while monitoring a clock had supplementary motor area (SMA) activity, involved in the preparation of motor actions, preceding the urge to press the button. This became known as the ______.
Readiness potential
Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychological disorders in the United States.
True
Major depressive disorder is multiply determined and include biological factors, such as structural and chemical differences within the brain as well ______.
Genetics
Social anxiety disorder is characterized by the persistent concern of being judged, embarrassed, or humiliated.
True
Perceptions of sensory events that are not occurring in reality are ______.
Hallucinations
In anxiety disorders, the ______ fails to appropriately respond to hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) overactivity by inhibiting its activity.
Hippocampus
A psychological cognitive factor contributing to the development of a psychological disorder includes a person’s ______.
Self-perception
The research findings on the implication of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in social pain indicate that the ACC can be seen as being part of a neural alarm system, which scans the environment and detects when something has gone wrong.
True
______ is the ability to reflect upon one’s traits, beliefs, abilities and attitudes objectively.
Self-awareness
The ______ relates to the detection of a painful stimulus involving the main brain areas of the insula and the somatosensory cortex.
Perceptual dimension
Using the self-awareness test it was found that human babies develop self-awareness around the age of ______.
24 months
Social psychology is the study of how people’s ______are influenced by the actual, inferred or imagined presence of others.
Thoughts
Self-awareness forms the basis of all social interactions and is implemented in a circuit of structures within the brain.
True
Prolonged use of anabolic-androgenic steroids is associated with many side effects, including acne, balding, and reduced sexual desire among others.
True
______ is a condition when blood plasma salt is overly concentrated in the plasma relative to water inside blood cells.
Hypertonic
The most publicized psychological side effect of the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is that of ______.
Roid rage
There is research evidence that testosterone levels rise during encounters with potential sexual partners.
True
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic drugs, that mimic the effects of the hormone testosterone enhancing muscularity and strength.
True
In a study using prairie voles, it was found male voles showed no signs of aggression toward an intruder when injected with a ______ receptor antagonist.
Testosterone
______ aggression is emotion-driven and associated with high levels of physiological arousal.
Impulsive
Emotional experience is partly caused by the ______ of bodily changes based on situational factors and past experiences.
Interpretation
The sensory information from the thalamus to the amygdala has a ______ and ______ pathway.
Direct; indirect
Urbach-Wiethe disease is characterized by the degeneration of the temporal lobes because of ______ in the brain.
Calcium build-up
Decision-making and regulating emotions depend on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
True
In electrical recordings of rats in an environment learning task it was found that grid cells fire at ______ as a rat moves through space.
Equal intervals
Muller and Pilzecker’s rat shock-train experiment observation strongly indicate new memories require a period of consolidation before moving to a more permanent form.
True
Unified theory (or “C” theory) states learning induces cellular consolidation in both the cortex and hippocampus rapidly and simultaneously.
True
The late-filtering model states perceptual systems process all the information that enters them with a later-occurring process selecting which information is stored in memory.
True
The ventral-frontoparietal system is involved in the ______ control of attention.
top-down
Reported statistics indicate that ______ of patients with major depressive disorder fail to remit after being treated with antidepressant medication.
60%
The ______ analyzes the information about potential threats to either dampen or accentuate the amygdala’s activity depending on whether a real danger is perceived to be present or not.
Medial prefrontal cortex
Experimental research tangentially found that disrupting the activity of the orbitofrontal cortex with ______, leads to an improvement in the mood of people with major depressive disorder.
Electrical stimulation
Research findings indicate that the ______ is overactive in people with PTSD, when exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli, compared to healthy control subjects.
Amygdala
The negative symptoms of schizophrenia include diminished emotional expressions, known as flat affect.
True
A challenge of social neuroscience is to understand how interactions between biological factors and environmental influences are related to social behavior.
True
Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the neurobiological substrates of mental processes such as those involved in memory, attention, reasoning, and ______.
Language
Human toddlers under the age of 2 in self-awareness testing seem to be unaware of self in mirror image interaction.
True
Selfless behavior with the aim of helping others at the cost of potential or actual harm to oneself is called ______.
Altruism
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a genetic disorder in which people lack one of the enzymes used by the adrenal glands to produce ______.
Cortisol
In a hormone testing experiment, it was found that male participants had increased in testosterone when the experiment observe was female.
True
Vasopressin and oxytocin have been shown to be important for the development of ______.
All of the above
Hormones interact with the expression of genes on the “Y” and “X” chromosomes in determining the differences between males and females.
True
The Papez circuit states the hypothalamus is responsible for the behavioral responses of emotional expression and emotional experience is produced by the cingulate cortex.
True
Instrumental aggression is associated with high levels of physiological arousal.
False
In 2010, neuroscientist Kiehl performed a(n) ______ of convicted murderer Brian Dugan’s brain to find out if it showed abnormalities that would support a profile of uncontrollable emotions.
fMRI
In fMRI scans of participants engaged in facial expression recognition tasks, it was found that the amygdala activity was greater with fear, anger, and disgust depictions supporting the premise of amygdala’s role in processing potential ______.
Threat
Associative learning in which an association is created between a behavior and its consequence is operant conditioning.
True
Converting the information acquired by your senses into a form that your brain can understand is encoding.
True
Although instincts, fatigue, maturation, drugs, and illness are all factors that can change behavior, they do not result from experience and are not considered to be ______.
Learning
The measure of a person’s arousability and responsiveness to stimuli from the environment is the ______ state of consciousness.
Wakefulness
A patient with optic ataxia would appear to be mesmerized by the first instructional cued object of interest.
False
Research findings indicate the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to play a major role in the regulation of ______.
Anxiety
The major depressive disorder person may also show a slowing down of thoughts and movement referred to as ______.
Psychomotor retardation
The extent to which a person suffers from an anxiety disorder is related to the extent to which dysfunctions occur in the functional networks of brain areas.
True
______ is used to try to explain the behavior of animals in nature and of people in social or political contexts.
Game theory
The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by the hypophyseal portal system, which is a ______.
Mesh of small blood vessels
The hormone ______ is important for maintaining the body’s metabolic rate.
Thyroxine
Barrett’s theory of constructed of emotions states that emotions are not hardwired entities but emerge into consciousness from interception, and categorization.
True
______ are memories that require the conscious recollection of information.
Declarative
The experimental evidence indicating the ______ prefrontal cortex in working memory came from early studies in which monkeys with damage to this area successfully completed a delayed response task.
Dorsolateral
The self-directed and voluntary attention to a stimulus is known as exogenous attention.
False
The condition characterized by intact awareness, wakefulness, and cognitive function while paralyzed and unable to speak is ______.
Locked-in syndrome
Comatose patients show the characteristic EEG patterns of REM sleep.
False
Philosopher John Rogers Searle rejects the idea that the mind is a computer-like, sophisticated information processor. His ______ thought experiment is his attempt to differentiate the human brain from a computer CPU.
Chinese room
Conscious mental abilities depend on the functioning integrity of the ______.
Neocortex
Obsessive-compulsive disorder ranks tenth in the United States among all diseases. Statistics estimate approximately ______ of the population will suffer from OCD at some point in their lives.
2%
One theory of the neurobiological mechanisms by which electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) alleviates the symptoms of major depression is that of increased ______ metabolism.
Glucose
The ______ processes potential environmental threats and is involved in the learning and expression of fear.
Amygdala
Hormones are produced and secreted by glands, known as endocrine glands, into the ______.
Bloodstream
Because pituitary glands release several hormones that regulate a wide array of biological functions, it is sometimes called the ______.
Master gland
Aggression is believed to be generated in the brain and through changes in brain chemistry.
True
Memory is often simplistically defined as the faculty that acquires, encodes, stores, and ______ information.
Retrieves
Autonoetic consciousness is the ability to reflect upon past, present or future events while being aware that those events are not one’s own memories.
False
The ______ is a type of learning in which a change in behavior does not involve associations of stimuli and any kind of reward or punishment.
Nonassociative
The findings obtained from studying brain damaged H.M. showed that the hippocampus plays an important role in declarative memory, but nondeclarative memories do not depend on the hippocampus.
True
Briefly review the steps in Kandel and colleagues Aplysia slug experiment that show the neurological activity that happens in habituation to a repeated occurrence stimulus.
Stimulation of the Aplysia’s siphon resulted in the reflexive withdrawal of the gill.
The neuronal connections, within the abdominal ganglion, are responsible for the gill-withdrawal reflex.
Stimulation of the siphon causes glutamate to be released at the synapse between a siphon’s sensory neuron and a motor neuron that in turn releases neurotransmitter on the gill muscles, causing it to retract.
The siphon’s sensory neuron also synapses onto excitatory and inhibitory interneurons.
The repeated stimulation of the siphon causes the sensory neuron to release progressively less neurotransmitter at synapses, which, in turn, causes the motor neuron to release less neurotransmitter on the gill muscles causing it to contract with less intensity.
In the cellular process of memory consolidation, the point of stimuli storage at synapses can be disrupted by inhibiting the ______.
Synthesis of proteins
According to GWT, each cortico-thalamic core modules processes and binds the features of a specific kind of information.
True
Explaining the visual experience is the stimulation of photoreceptors by a specific range of wavelengths along the electromagnetic spectrum, which ultimately results in the activation of the visual cortex, and extrastriata areas is philosopher David Chalmers’ ______ problem of consciousness
Easy
Repeatedly going over negative thoughts is defined as ______.
Rumination
Amygdala is thought to be at the center of the brain’s fear process area known as the ______.
Fear circuit
Steroid hormones are synthesized from a type of fat.
True
In a landmark study, the effects of intracerebroventricular infusions of different doses of ______ on the development of a preference for a male partner were tested on female prairie voles.
Oxytocin
Korsakoff’s syndrome presents as impairment in declarative memory functions.
True
Teasdale and Jennett created the Glasgow coma scale to measure the extent to which the patients open their eyes and can ______.
Perform motor and verbal response
