Module 13

Question 1

According to the DSM-IV diagnostic profile, a person with posttraumatic syndrome disorder may display inappropriate level of irritability, aggressiveness, and ______.

Answer 1

Hypervigilance

Question 2

Anxiety is an emotional state characterized by worry or nervousness regarding a future event and in the worst cases often described as a feeling of ______.

Answer 2

Impending doom

Question 3

In a 2003 fMRI study, neuroscientists found confirming results of greater activation in the ACC brain network functional region of OCD patients than in control patients, indicating hyperactive ______ perceptions.

Answer 3

Conflict

Question 4

The biological factors of genetic predispositions of an inherited disorder decreases with the degree of relatedness.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Research findings indicate ______ in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, and amygdala may account for exaggerated responses to potential threats.

Answer 5

Hyperactivity

Question 6

In OCD, exaggerated error signals may continually give the person with OCD the feeling of ______, which may form the basis for obsessions, giving rise to high levels of anxiety.

Answer 6

Something being wrong

Question 7

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia include delusions and hallucinations, which are sometimes referred to as the ______ of schizophrenia.

Answer 7

Psychotic symptoms

Question 8

Some common delusions in schizophrenia are delusions of grandeur, delusions of persecution, and ______.

Answer 8

Paranoia

Question 9

What social and neuroethical concerns did Akram and Giordano (2017) identify as potential implications of an RDoC-based psychiatric nosology? (Check all that apply.)

Answer 9

Stigmatization AND bias

Question 10

According to Husain et al. (2015), the most serious known risk of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is:

Answer 10

Seizure

Question 11

The ventral attentional network is thought to be involved in ______.

Answer 11

Stimulus-driven attention

Question 12

Aberrant salience hypothesis posits that excessive dopamine release results in external and internal stimuli, that have no particular importance to become exaggeratedly salient, giving rise to ______.

Answer 12

Delusions and hallucinations

Question 13

A recent theories of auditory and verbal hallucinations (AVH) in schizophrenia, AVH are thought to be due to all but ______.

Answer 13

Dopamine induced aberrant salience

Question 14

MDD may implicate dysfunctions in the neurotransmitter glutamate spurring research for the treatment of depression with drugs that increase levels of glutamate such as ketamine.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Psychological disorders are classified in the diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association which provides the diagnostic criteria for the various disorders.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Research findings from brain scan data of posttraumatic stress disorder indicates the over activity of the amygdala is not due to activated release of the fight or flight hormone cortisol, but maybe due to elevated levels of ______.

Answer 16

Norepinephrine

Question 17

Many studies have found that the hippocampus of people with MDD is reduced in volume because of loss of gray matter. Treatment with antidepressants and remission of the depressive symptoms results in restoration via ______.

Answer 17

Increased nerve growth

Question 18

Compulsive acts temporarily provide relief from the anxiety produced by these thoughts; but at the same time, the temporary relief from anxiety reinforces the compulsion leading it to be repeated each time the obsessive thoughts arise. This is known as the ______ of OCD.

Answer 18

Vicious cycle

Question 19

For treatment of major depression vagus-nerve stimulation (VNS) increases activity in a network of brain areas known to regulate mood, but has side effects during treatment stimulation including cough, neck pain, and ______, which can be reduced by adjusting the stimulation parameters.

Answer 19

Voice alteration

Question 20

Underactivity of the direct pathway of information compared to the indirect pathway in the brain area functional loop, including the prefrontal cortex, is thought to account for the obsessive thoughts that characterize OCD.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

An individual’s environment accounts for much of the interactions that occur with genetic predispositions to result in a disorder manifest, summarily ______.

Answer 21

Negative life events

Question 22

A psychological disorder can be defined as psychological dysfunctions within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is ______.

Answer 22

Atypical or culturally unaccepted

Question 23

Research findings indicate that people suffering from major depression have higher levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate and thus the depression may be due to dysfunctions in ______ neurotransmission.

Answer 23

Glutaminergic

Question 24

Research findings lend support to the theory that dysfunction of the ______ may contribute to or account for reduced ability in processing contextual information.

Answer 24

Amygdala

Question 25

Translocator protein (TSPO), which is a marker of inflammation, levels were found to be ______ in persons with major-depressive disorder compared to levels in healthy control persons.

Answer 25

Higher

Question 26

In response to potential threat the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) chain reaction includes the adrenal gland’s release of cortisol which gives rise to the activation of the ______ triggered by the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 26

Flight or fight response

Question 27

The cognitive symptoms observed in PTSD such as difficulties in concentration and attention may have hyperactivity in the prefrontal cortex.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

The neurotransmission of monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine) and serotonin, were found to be low in the hippocampus in patients with major depression. Research indicates that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ______ levels of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Answer 28

Increases

Question 29

The monoamine hypothesis posits that people suffering from major depressive disorder have depleted levels of the ______ neurotransmitters.

Answer 29

Monoamine

Question 30

According to the DSM-IV diagnostic profile a person with post-traumatic syndrome disorder experiences ______, which consists of debilitating thoughts of unwanted memories of a traumatic event and related nightmares.

Answer 30

Intrusive syndrome