Module 12 Flashcards
Short-term memory maintains and manipulates information for use related to present and small duration episodes and thus is also referred to as ______ memory.
Working
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is simply a(n) ______ in synaptic gain.
Increase
From experimental analysis of Kandel and colleagues sea slug investigation of the synaptic changes that occur during classical conditioning, empirical data indicate during associative classical conditioning the stimulus is ______ to the trained stimulus
Nonspecific / Specific ???
A contrast between classical conditioning stimulation procedure results and sensitization stimulation results is the ______ of the outcome response.
Magnitude
One idea of selective attention is that it depends on the synchronous firing of neurons in different brain areas.
True
In a scene presentation for object description after brain tumor surgery, patient A was presented a picture of a simple uncluttered fall wreath of twisted twigs, some pheasant feathers, and a medium sized orange ribbon bow. When asked to described or name the overall object, patient A replied an orange bow. This seems to indicate Balint’s syndrome of ______.
Simultanagnosia
In Treisman’s research study of visual attentional processing feature and conjunction searches it was found that ______.
Conjunction took longer time
Damage, disease, or injury to the occipital cortex may result in a normal-appearing eye having a total or partial loss of vision and is referred to as ______.
Cortical blindness
What three clinical scenarios involving seriously brain-injured individuals did Peterson et al. (2015) discuss in reference to the seriousness of positive and false negative diagnoses? (Check the three correct answers.)
Withdrawal of life sustaining therapies, Disclosure of results to families, Equitable distribution of medical resources
On what end of the scale would a person with a serious brain injury who had no higher brain functioning score on the Peturbational Complexity Index?
Low
Brain damage resulting from a cardiac arrest related to the deprivation of blood to the brain is a type of ______.
Amnesia
The multi-component working memory theory (M-WM) indicates working memory is considered to be a ______ system because its components are only temporarily activated.
malleable
Fluid
______ memories are fleeting but give context to such elements as computer touch keys such that we can coordinate body movements related to the sensory information.
Haptic
Elizabeth Murray and colleagues research findings indicate the performance of monkeys with damage to the perirhinal cortex performed as well as monkeys with no brain damage in ______ task.
Spatial memory
______ is when impaired patients can make accurate guesses about a stimulus while at the same time not being visually aware of it.
Blindsight
In a diagnostic review, the researcher is explaining with cues to the optic ataxia affected volunteer subject how to pick up cup A in the 2 cups on clear top desk set-up. The subject while reaching toward cup A, grasps air at least two times. ______ is the optic ataxia-induced misinformation for this error.
Distance
Aside from satisfying the deep curiosity in the topic, core of all scientific endeavors, finding out more about how the brain produces consciousness may assist in treatment or understanding of ______.
Unresponsive wakefulness
Although Eliam was preparing for an important presentation when Sasha entered the room, he shifted his focus and remained attentive to the whole time she was in the working conference room, although she made no conversation or interruptive noise. Eliam’s shift of attention is an example of ______ attention.
Overt
Memories are thought to be stored in three registers based on capacities for storing information, in terms ______ of information and storage ______.
Amount; time
The body of knowledge related to amnesia and how the brain function is impaired producing memory loss comes primarily from the study of ______ subjects.
Brain damaged
Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning in which a ______ stimulus is associated with a ______ stimulus to create a reflexive response.
Neutral; meaningful
Reviewing the report on best camera products Elle was totally unattentive to her cat meowing and close proximity totally focusing on the technical discuss of reviewed features. But when a firm friendly knock came to her door she immediately went to see who was calling. Elle is exhibiting the ______ attention to the knock.
Bottom-up
Brit entered the K4 volunteer supervised classroom as an additional helper. She quickly scanned the scenario before anyone in particular noticed her. Seeing one young tossel-headed boy sitting apart and matching color blocks she decided to walk over and engage him. Minutes later several other children noticed the new helper, circled her and began all talking at once. Brit maintained focus on her subject and spoke only with him. Brit is exhibiting ______ control of her attention.
Top-down
According to Treisman the sensory perceived unbound and unassociated object feature map is scanned by ______, and thus binding the object to representations of objects in memory and recognition.
Attentional spotlight
According to global workspace theory of consciousness, neuronal activation “ignites” conscious awareness by being broadcasted throughout the global workspace, where it can be combined with other information, giving rise to the unified quality of conscious experience and relies on the ______ of the stimulus to trigger an activation threshold.
Strength
Nondeclarative memories are acquired through the processes known as classical conditioning, priming, and ______.
Procedural learning
______ memories persist the least amount of time but are important in detection and perception of movement.
Iconic
A recorded electrical activity of single neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of monkeys engaged in a similar delayed-response task showed activity continued in the delay period of the task suggesting that these neurons actively ______ throughout the delay phase.
Maintain cue memory
Korsakoff’s syndrome is an alcohol-induced thiamine deficiency resulting in the deterioration of the dorsomedial thalamus and of the mammillary bodies, which presents as impairment in ______ memory functions.
Episodic
According to global workspace theory of consciousness, contextualized visual information such as a coffee cup incorporates several visual features such as color, shape, and size and are processed within the ______ and hippocampal system.
Medial temporal lobes
Electrical recordings of the hippocampus show cells that increase their firing rate when a rat finds itself in a familiar area within an environment, showing that place cells contribute to a ______.
Sense of location
In electrical recordings of rats in an environment learning task showed head-direction cells that provide rats with a sense of direction by providing information about heading and orientation and are primarily located in the ______ but also in other areas to a lesser degree.
Subiculum
When neuroscientists were investigating the brain area functional role in attention, it was found that animal subjects with inactivated thalamus regions of the ______ were impaired in attention shifting to instructional cues.
Pulvinar
Mesu was conversing with her neighbor about landscaping while yet hearing every word her teen and friends were saying about an upcoming social event. This is an example of ______ attention.
Overt
According to the multi-component working memory theory the central executive competent has four important roles: (1) to focus attention, (2) to divide attention, (3) to permit switching from task to task, and (4) to interface with ______.
Long-term memory
In a brain damaged attentional system replication study to obtain empirical data to support the prior findings, the researcher presents a simple scene of a table in a green out background with a pitcher and two drinking mugs. The subject is asked to describe one of the two mugs. The mug is accurately described as white. When asked for other details the subject replies there are none, disregarding the larger black polka dots on the mug. This is recorded and noted as Balint’s syndrome ______ impairment.
Ocumulotor apraxia / Feature distinction (??)
Feature integration theory accounts for a phenomenon known as illusory conjunction, in which the features of two distinct stimuli are erroneously conjoined when briefly presented.
True
Neuroscientists investigating brain area functional role in attention found that animal subjects with inactivated thalamus regions were less able to ignore ______ stimuli.
Distracting
A representative example of an episodic memory might be ______.
Marriage proposal
______ memories facilitate tracking speech during conversation.
Echoic
Long-term memory is viewed as a ______ system, in which information is stored in a more or less permanent manner.
Crystallized
Dehaene and colleagues identified three types of stimuli, based on the stimuli’s ability to ______ conscious awareness.
Ignite
______ is the phenomenon of perception spontaneously switching between two different images that are simultaneously presented to each eye.
Binocular rivalry
Observationally, you realize that when you hear your unique cell phone ring assigned to your mom you have a mental visualization of her smiling face. This is an example of ______ associative learning.
Classical conditioning
Associative learning refers to learning in which the association between stimuli are ______.
Learned
In a natural setting with contrived stimulus and subject interview after the event, it was observed that people walking and talking on their cell phones were far less likely to notice an imposed unicycling clown riding across their pathway. This is an example of a ______ stimulus.
Subliminal
Memory therapist asking an eyewitness to slowly and carefully visually re-examine the details of the dimly lit room leading up to the backdoor alarm activation is guiding memory recall of potential ______ memory.
Iconic
Neurons that become active during learning and reactivated with presentation of cues related to the context of learning are referred to as ______.
Engram cells
Mesu’s neighbor conversing with her about landscaping all the while was pruning and shaping a mandavilla growing on a trellis. The neighbor’s attention is an example of ______ attention.
Object
Arriving to the track meet midway through the events with only a couple of running events left, Meg quickly spotted her red-haired son stretching in the 100 meter hurdles contestant group. She is exhibiting an example of ______.
Feature search
The element of working memory that facilitates memories to be experienced as a sequence of events is the ______.
Episodic buffer
The synthesis of ______ results in the long-lasting changes believed to lead to long-lasting memories.
New protein
Research indicates the classical conditioning of emotional responses depend on the ______ region of the brain.
Amygdala
In a research study of activated brain areas to visual stimuli it was observed that images of non-human related pictures such as a house activated the ______ region of the visual perception brain areas.
Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)
In investigative research of brain imaging and visual stimulation of subjects, it was observed that the ______ mediates reflexive responses to visual information, such as automatically orienting the eyes to objects moving around in the visual field.
Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)
Subliminal and preconscious stimuli activation ______ information broadcast throughout the global workspace for full processing.
Does not send
Associative learning employing a consequence associated to a behavior is ______.
Classical conditioning
In short-lasting long-term potentiation (S-LTP), synaptic efficacy lasts only for a few minutes or a few hours, and render processes of S-LTP as ______ and the changes induced by it are rapidly reversed after stimulation has ended.
Unstable and easily disrupted
Searle’s thought experiment posits that to someone who is told to assess the intellectual abilities of a “subject” in the hidden room, a hidden computer can appear ______ simply because it can follow a set of instructions.
Conscious
Subliminal and preconscious stimuli are both examples where a strong stimulus does not enter conscious awareness due to the attentional spotlight being diverted to other stimuli and is referred to as ______.
Inattentional blindness
According to global workspace theory of consciousness, bound information contained within a processing module can be broadcasted to every other module in the global workspace via the ______.
Connective core
Elizabeth Murray and colleagues research findings indicate the performance of monkeys with damage to the hippocampus did not have ______ impairments
Object-recognition Memory
Memories that facilitate tracking speech during conversation persist for approximately ______ of time.
10 seconds
There is no universally accepted definition of consciousness.
True
