Practice Exam 2 Flashcards by Timothy Myers

Two researchers analyze the same data set. Researcher A uses a two-independent-sample t-test and decides to retain the null hypothesis. Researcher B uses a related-samples t-test and decides to reject the null hypothesis. Which of the following is a likely explanation for the disparity in the decisions made?

a. The two-independent-sample t test had greater power to detect the effect
b. The two-independent-sample t test was associated with fewer degrees of freedom
c. The related-samples t test had greater power to detect the effect
d. The related-samples t test was associated with more degrees of freedom

c. The related-samples t test had greater power to detect the effect.

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Which of the following expresses a distinction observed in research concerning methods of evaluating job performances?

a. Peer ratings and supervisor ratings have a moderate correlation
b. Self ratings are generally more strict than supervisor ratings
c. Supervisor ratings and self-ratings have a moderate correlation
d. Peer ratings are generally more strict than self ratings.

b. Self ratings are generally more strict than supervisor ratings.

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A psychologist reviews her notes for all her patients and determines that on average her patients complete therapy in 24 days. The average time to complete therapy among all her patients is called a(n)

a. population parameter
b. sample statistic
c. inferential statistic
d. time trial

a. population parameter

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Self-mutilation, often seen in borderline personality disorder, appears to be primarily:

a. A form of distraction
b. A way to punish oneself
c. A way to get attention from others
d. A means of rapid affective regulation (i.e. tension reduction)

d. A means of rapid affective regulation (i.e. tension reduction)

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The American Psychological Association has published standards concerning the complexity of different types of tests and suggesting the background required to administer each type. Which of the following expresses a distinction made by these standards?

a. Paper-and-pencil vocational proficiency scales can be administered by a non-professional, while administering personality inventories and aptitude tests require at least some graduate training
b. Paper-and-pencil vocational proficiency scales require at least some graduate training, while administering projective personality tests requires at least a master’s degree
c. Aptitude tests and personality inventories can be administered by a non-professional, while administering projective personality tests requires at least some graduate training
d. Individual personality tests can be administered by a non-professional, while administering projective personality tests requires at least a master’s degree

a. Paper-and-pencil vocational proficiency scales can be administered by a non-professional, while administering personality inventories and aptitude tests require at least some graduate training

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The ________ is the membrane that prevents a contact lens from slipping into the space behind the eyeball.

a. Iris
b. Cornea
c. Conjunctiva
d. vitreous humor

c. Conjunctiva

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In learned helplessness experiments with human beings, the verbalization of “so why try” is the prototypical expression of the _____ deficit.

a. Affective
b. Cognitive
c. Emotional
d. Motivational

d. Motivational

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In the humanistic tradition, the two fundamental directions for healthy development are:

a. autonomy and heteronomy
b. autonomy and openness
c. autonomy and socialization
d. heteronomy and openness

b. autonomy and openness

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Nick did not receive a job offer that he badly wanted and that he desperately needed to improve his challenging financial situation. Since the rejection, Nick has been plagued with negative thoughts. He has become not only despondent but also self-conscious and suspicious of others. As a result, he is isolating himself. He has discontinued his search for employment, fraying his relationships with family and friends. Based on this information, Nick is MOST likely to be diagnosed with \_\_\_\_\_\_ disorder.
A.	post-traumatic stress
B.	acute stress
C.	major depressive
D.	adjustment

d. adjustment

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Which of the following is true regarding Western forms of healing?

a. Reality consists of distinct and separate units or objects
b. Reality consists of what can be observed and measured via the five senses
c. Space and time are fixed and are absolute constructs of reality
d. All of the choices are correct

d. All of the choices are correct

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When individual or group therapy is a program or course requirements, psychologists responsible for that program allow students to select a therapy from:

a. current faculty
b. list of approved faculty providers
c. list of approved providers affiliated with the program
d. practitioners unaffiliated with the program

d. practitioners unaffiliated with the program

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The moral model of disability

a. focuses on the disability as a “defect” representing a moral lapse
b. states that it is moral for those with disabilities to help others with disabilities
c. provides moral guidelines for caretakers of those with disabilities to follow
d. is paramount for those who have a disability

a. focuses on the disability as a “defect” representing a moral lapse.

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Models of multiracial identity development are distinct from monoracial identity development models in that

a. multiracial identities are static across contexts.
b. resolution of marginality occurs between dominant and subordinate groups
c. identities are fluid and shift in different environments
d. integration of a bicultural identity is considered the most adaptive and most desired resolution

c. identities are fluid and shift in different environments

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A person with Broca’s aphasia would be expected to

a. pronounce words correctly, but slowly
b. be unaware of her or his speech difficulties
c. produce fluent, but meaningless speech
d. experience difficulty in speech comprehension based on word order

a. pronounce words correctly, but slowly.

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Lewin’s idea that an individual’s behavior is determined by personal and situational forces is known as ______.

a. attribution theory
b. field theory
c. balance theory
d. social cognition theory

b. field theory

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A psychiatrist is treating a patient whose symptoms include excessive food intake and sleep disturbance. One explanation would be a lesion on the

a. Hypothalamus
b. Hippocampus
c. Amygdala
d. motor cortex

a. Hypothalamus

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Alfred Adler’s concept of striving for superiority was an early formulation of the notion of ______ that humanistic psychologists developed later.

a. self-reimaging
b. self-analysis
c. self-realization
d. self-actualization

d. self-actualization

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A researcher computes a one-sample z test in two studies. Both studies used the same alpha level, placed the rejection region in both tails, and measured the same sample mean. The researcher selects a sample of 30 participants in Study 1 and decides to retain the null hypothesis. She selects a sample of 60 participants in Study 2 and decides to reject the null hypothesis. Which of the following is the best explanation for why the decision was different in Study 1 and Study 2?

a. The different decisions in Study 1 and Study 2 are not possible because all values were the same
b. The different decisions in Study 1 and Study 2 are not possible because the researcher tested the same hypothesis
c. The different decisions in Study 1 and Study 2 are due to an error the researcher made in the first hypothesis test
d. The different decisions in Study 1 and Study 2 are possible because the second test was associated with greater power to detect an effect

d. The different decisions in Study 1 and Study 2 are possible because the second test was associated with greater power to detect an effect.

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Which of the following would be considered an allergic reaction to a medication?

a. Increased perspiration
b. Constipation
c. Hives
d. Sedation

c. Hives

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Delay of gratification is easier if

a. the rewards are visible
b. the child thinks about how good the reward is
c. the child sees models who delay their own gratification
d. All of the above

c. the child sees models who delay their own gratification.

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Marginalized group members often sense _______________ from the dominant culture.

a. emotional invalidation
b. emotional isolation
c. emotional dissonance
d. emotional affirmation

a. emotional invalidation

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Which word is an example of an exploratory verb to use in developing qualitative research questions?

a. Determine
b. Influence
c. Impact
d. Discover

d. Discover

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Which is a barrier to the advancement of women on the corporate ladder?

a. the “good old boys” network
b. too few employment opportunities
c. family commitments
d. None of the choices is correct

a. the “good old boys” network

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The primary purpose of Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, is to:

a. protect the self-governing
b. protect the psychologist
c. privacy rights of individuals
d. protect the self-governing and privacy rights of individuals

d. protect the self-governing and privacy rights of individuals

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In experiments on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, a conditioned stimulus would be represented by a. a loud tone b. foot shock c. a food pellet d. a naturally occurring fear response

a. a loud tone

According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard so the teacher won’t yell at me."? a. external regulation b. identified regulation c. intrinsic motivation d. introjected regulation

a. external regulation

When one’s current GPA is several points lower than the GPA one had wished for at the beginning of the school year, what sort of motivational construct comes into existence? a. Arousal b. Difference c. Discrepancy d. Dissonance

c. Discrepancy

A researcher distributes frequencies into the following intervals: 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51 and above. What is wrong with this frequency distribution? a. The interval width is too small b. The interval width is unequal c. the class intervals overlap d. One interval is an open class

d. One interval is an open class.

Dr. Black has just been informed by his client that the client intends to harm his neighbor. The client has been angry over the way his neighbor treats him. Dr. Black needs to do all of the following, EXCEPT: a. assess his client's potential for violence b. document his decisions about dangerousness c. check his state law if he has a duty-to-protect d. immediately call the police

d. immediately call the police.

Which of the following is true of a pragmatic research approach? a. Researchers look for complexity of views related to how individuals construct meaning b. The focus is on answering philosophical questions c. Sensitivity to individual power structures is paramount d. Truth is what works at the time and all available approaches to understand the problem can be used

d. Truth is what works at the time and all available approaches to understand the problem can be used.

Which of the following represents a true distinction between content bias and criterion validity bias? a. Content bias is evaluated by comparing item difficulty to general ability, while criterion validity bias is evaluated by error in prediction b. Content bias is evaluated at the test level, while predictive bias is evaluated at the item level c. Content bias is evaluated by panels of expert judges, while predictive bias is evaluated by experimental evidence d. Content bias is evaluated by regression analysis, while predictive bias is evaluated by panels of expert judges

a. Content bias is evaluated by comparing item difficulty to general ability, while criterion validity bias is evaluated by error in prediction.

Everyone has good and bad days and changing moods. What is one way to distinguish a bad mood from depression? a. The mood improves after a major project at work has been completed b. The mood alternates between feeling sad and feeling happy and energized c. The mood increases daily hassles experienced, such as working more slowly d. The mood interferes significantly with daily functioning over an extended time

a. The mood improves after a major project at work has been completed.

Which observation is true of the evolution of the human brain? a. The human brain is smaller than that of any other primate b. Comparisons of brain size within the primate family require an adjustment for body size c. The size of primate brains has shrunk over the course of evolutionary history d. Primate brain size increases depended on the elimination of duplicate master genes

b. Comparisons of brain size within the primate family require an adjustment for body size.

When the sum of the probabilities of two outcomes is exhaustive of all possible outcomes, these outcomes are referred to as a. mutually exclusive b. complementary c. independent d. conditional

b. complementary

The portion of a neuron that carries information toward its cell body is called the a. dendrite b. axon terminal c. presynaptic membrane d. soma

a. dendrite

When we ask, "How do people adjust to their life situations?" and "How does their thought affect what they do?" we are asking questions about the __________ of personality. a. Description b. Dynamics c. Development d. Destiny

b. Dynamics

l-DOPA is given to a patient with Parkinson’s disease because a. dopamine cannot cross the blood–brain barrier b. serotonin cannot cross the blood–brain barrier c. L-DOPA is converted to norepinephrine d. L-DOPA is converted to epinephrine

a. dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier

The somatic view of psychological disorders is that a. mental disorders are the result of physical problems b. mental disorders are the result of spiritual problems c. mental disorders are the result of emotional problems d. All of the choices are correct

a. mental disorders are the result of physical problems.

Which explanation correctly describes why drug abusers prefer heroin over morphine? a. Heroin is cheaper to buy on the street than morphine b. Morphine enters the brain faster than heroin c. Heroin is less lipid-soluble than morphine d. Heroin exerts effects on the brain faster than morphine

d. Heroin exerts effects on the brain faster than morphine.

Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that once a difficult choice between equally attractive alternatives is made, people experience: a. counter-reaction balancing b. effort justification c. insufficient justification d. post-decision regret

d. post-decision regret

The behavioral view of learning assumes that learning is essentially a change in behavior, and this view emphasizes the effects of_____ as the cause of that learning? a. behavioral anchors b. environmental stimuli c. knowledge, schemas, and scripts d. psychological needs

b. environmental stimuli

A researcher increases the sample size, which will: a. increase the value of the standard error b. decrease the value of standard error c. reduce variability in the population d. increase variability in the population

b. decrease the value of standard error.

People that are excessively perfectionistic may have a reduction in this personality trait when they take which of the following drugs: a. Beta blockers b. Benzodiazepines c. SSRIs d. Stimulants

c. SSRIs

From where does a person’s high level of intrinsic motivation come? a. It emerges spontaneously from psychological needs. b. It is learned over time from experiences of praise and positive feedback c. It is the product of positive incentives and positive reinforcers d. It comes from social models who show high intrinsic motivation in their lives

a. It emerges spontaneously from psychological needs.

Which of the following brain structures is dysfunctional in ADHD? a. Thalamus b. Diencephalon c. Prefrontal cortex d. Hippocampus

c. Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is a true distinction regarding interviews used for personnel selection? a. Structured interviews have higher validity than unstructured interviews b. Structured interviews are less defensible in case of a lawsuit than are unstructured interviews c. Structured interviews are more likely to be biased against minorities than are unstructured interviews d. Structured interviews are easier to plan than are unstructured interviews

a. Structured interviews have higher validity than unstructured interviews.

Brain-imaging studies have demonstrated that the density of the_________________ in bilingual individuals is increased compared to monolingual individuals a. right parietal cortex b. left parietal cortex c. corpus callosum d. right frontal cortex

b. left parietal cortex

An example of a cognitive symptom evident in schizophrenia would be a. exhibiting poor problem solving and deficits in learning and memory b. experiencing a feeling of euphoria at the start of a schizophrenic episode c. exhibiting excessive emotional expression d. thinking that you are the most powerful being on earth

a. exhibiting poor problem solving and deficits in learning and memory.

Which of the following phrases did Francis Galton popularize in his book English Men of Science? a. individual differences b. survival of the fittest c. intelligence quotient d. nature and nurture

d. nature and nurture

The distribution of annual household income in the United States is positively skewed. If the median annual income is about $56,000, this implies that the mean annual household income in the United States is a. Smaller b. Larger c. the same d. There is not enough information to answer this question

b. Larger

The dopamine hypothesis of the causes of schizophrenia is supported by the finding that a. antipsychotic drugs are dopamine agonists b. cocaine and amphetamine do not produce schizophrenic effects c. drugs that induce schizophrenic symptoms are dopamine antagonists d. dopamine antagonists relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

d. dopamine antagonists relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

A researcher increases his level of confidence from 90% to 95%. What will happen to the precision of his estimate? a. The estimate will be more precise b. The estimate will be less precise c. The precision of his estimate will not change d. It depends on the size of the population

b. The estimate will be less precise.

A key distinction between aptitude and intelligence testing is that in general aptitude tests a. focus on the measurement of a specific ability, while intelligence tests focus on the measurement of a more global construct b. are criterion-referenced, while intelligence tests are norm-referenced c. are used primarily in education situations, while intelligence tests are used primarily in employment situations d. focus primarily on individual differences, while intelligence tests focus primarily on identifying strengths within one individual

b. are criterion-referenced, while intelligence tests are norm-referenced.

What statement about axons is true? a. Axons receive information from other neurons b. Axons house the mitochondria c. Axons create DNA used by a neuron d. The longest axon in a human stretches from the foot to the base of the brain

d. The longest axon in a human stretches from the foot to the base of the brain.

Which of the following can alert the clinician that their patient has over-dosed on anticonvulsants? a. Confusion b. Severe constipation c. Rash d. Seizures

a. Confusion

Wally is apprehended by security personnel at a crowded music festival after several women claimed that he rubbed against them without their consent while they were dancing. Wally may exemplify ______ disorder. a. sexual sadism b. frotteuristic c. voyeuristic d. exhibitionistic

b. frotteuristic

As compared to the usual guilty verdict, the verdict of guilty but mentally ill ______. a. precludes incarceration b. specifies shorter sentences c. specifies longer sentences d. specifies mandatory treatment

d. specifies mandatory treatment.

Unlike emotions, moods: a. are situation-specific in that we seem to have a mood for every different situation b. emanate from significant life situations and the appraisal of their significance c. function mostly to bias cognitions and what the person thinks about d. last for seconds or perhaps minutes

c. function mostly to bias cognitions and what the person thinks about

The inappropriate use of assessments can lead to _____________ diagnostic, educational, institutional, legal, and social policy decisions. a. harmful b. helpful c. accurate d. inaccurate

a. harmful

Which of the following is likely to be a perspective of a culturally competent helping professional? a. The role of counselor should be broadened to include teaching, consulting, and advocacy. b. Providing advice and suggestions are not effective forms of helping with people of color c. The problems that people of color experience with discrimination and racism are beyond the scope of counseling practice d. An individualistic counseling approach is the most effective form of meeting the needs of people of color

a. The role of counselor should be broadened to include teaching, consulting, and advocacy.

Which term identifies the broadest approach to understanding mental illness? a. biopsychosocial approach b. behavioral and experiential perspective c. neuroscience perspective d. evolutionary perspective

a. biopsychosocial approach

Jack is often worried that he comes in contact with dangerous germs, so much so, in fact, that he always tries to sit near the restroom so that he has easy access to a sink and always carries hand sanitizer around with him. Which choice BEST categorizes Jack’s obsession and his compulsion respectively? a. aggressive thoughts and counting b. perfectionist thoughts and arranging c. contamination thoughts and cleaning d. contamination thoughts and checking

c. contamination thoughts and cleaning

________ arises after the person evaluates his behavior (not himself) as a failure. Thus the focus of this emotion is on the self’s behavior and action rather than on the self’s worth per se.

guilt

In the history of emotion, the study of people’s facial expressions was so important because it showed that emotion: a. could be shaped by environmental events (e.g., rewards, incentives). b. were about two-thirds cognitive (and about one-third biological). c. were cross-culturally universal and genetically-based. d. were culture-specific and learned through experience and socialization.

c. were cross-culturally universal and genetically-based

Structure enhances engagement because it involves and satisfies the need for: a. being appreciated b. competence c. relatedness d. autonomy

b. competence

Reciprocal determinism proposes a. that behavior is influenced by situations b. that situations are influenced by behavior c. that personality determines behavior d. that personality, situations, and behavior influence each other

d. that personality, situations, and behavior influence each other.

Which of the following may precipitate mania? a. Amphetamines b. Antidepressants c. Thyroid hormones d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Psychogenic disorders are another name for ______ disorder. a. somatic symptom b. factitious c. illness anxiety d. conversion

d. conversion

Given the results of several empirical studies, which brain region would be a primary target for pharmacological modification to provide relief for a person suffering from overly intense emotional reactions? a. the central nucleus of the amygdala b. the ventromedial hypothalamus c. the medial nucleus of the thalamus d. the corpus callosum

a. the central nucleus of the amygdala

A researcher measures the meantime (in seconds) it takes two groups of children to complete an activity task. She finds that Group A (M = 22 s) completed the task more quickly than Group B (M = 36 s). She then computes a weighted mean for both groups combined and calculates a weighted mean equal to 26. Based on the information provided, which group had a larger sample size? a. Group A b. Group B c. The sample size is equal in both groups d. It is not possible to know this without knowing the sample size for each group

a. Group A

One reason for the diversity of theories is that they explain phenomena at different a. levels of complexity b. levels of intellectual sophistication c. levels of explanation d. levels of cultural awareness

c. levels of explanation

The goal of psychoanalytic therapy has always been to: a. allow unconscious, rather than conscious, mental forces to regulate motivation, emotion, behavior, and social interaction b. promote and understand the actualization of the human potential c. silence unconscious mental processes so as to free the human mind to act rationally d. understand the confusing activities of the unconscious so as to free the ego to deal effectively with reality

d. understand the confusing activities of the unconscious so as to free the ego to deal effectively with reality.

After looking at a histogram of results from a newly developed psychological test, the test developer decides that it needs more easy items. What is the most likely shape of the histogram of this data? a. Negative skew b. Positive skew c. Bimodal d. Symmetrical

a. Negative skew

A researcher measures differences in recall between male and female participants following a romantic movie clip. If different participants were in each group, then what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study? a. a two-independent-sample t test b. a one-way between-subjects ANOVA c. a two-way between-subjects ANOVA d. a two-independent-sample t test and a one-way between-subjects ANOVA

d. a two-independent-sample t test and a one-way between-subjects ANOVA

The proposal that personalities can be analyzed into a finite number of measurable traits is ______. a. need-press theory b. lexical hypothesis theory c. trait theory d. evolutionary theory

c. trait theory

The term "family constellation" refers to a. the genetics of personality b. the number, age, and sex of siblings c. the fact that grandparents are also important in determining personality d. the family's beliefs about who is the "star"

b. the number, age, and sex of siblings

Which word implies a qualitative approach in a purpose statement? a. influence b. understand c. impact d. relationship

b. understand

The ________ mindset centers on responsibility, meeting obligations, and duty. a. deliberative b. implemental c. prevention d. promotion

c. prevention

Symptoms of narcolepsy involving REM sleep (such as cataplexy) are effectively treated by drugs that a. block serotonin receptors b. impair the release of hypocretins in brain c. act as catecholamine agonists d. facilitate both serotonin and norandrenergic activity

d. facilitate both serotonin and norandrenergic activity.

Which of the following questions is NOT a major issue in personality theory when considering personality formation and change? a. To what extent is personality influenced by heredity? b. To what extent can personality change as a result of learning? c. How much change in personality can actually occur in adolescence? d. How critical are the childhood years for personality development?

c. How much change in personality can actually occur in adolescence?

Rogers has been criticized for underestimating the human capacity for a. adaptation b. evil c. change d. social living

b. evil

Piaget’s model of cognitive development of human children based on what he had noted in animals’ learning behavioral traits that allowed them to adapt to their environmental changes is called the ______ model. a. assimilation b. stage c. accommodation d. adaptation

b. stage

Specific, difficult, and concordant goals enhance performance, but an additional variable that is crucial to allow goals to translate into effective performance is: a. concrete intentions b. extrinsic motivations c. feedback d. internal attributions for success

c. feedback

Which of the following most clearly suggests severe mania? a. Decreased need for sleep b. Euphoria c. Increased psychomotor activity d. Psychotic symptoms

d. Psychotic symptoms

Research on family patterns and sexual orientation indicates that a. older fathers are more likely to have gay sons b. older mothers are more likely to have lesbian daughters c. lesbian women have more older brothers than do heterosexual women d. gay men tend to have more older brothers than do heterosexual men

d. gay men tend to have more older brothers than do heterosexual men.

Some facial expressions of emotion are more difficult to recognize than are other facial expressions of emotion. Which of the following emotions is considered the most difficult for people to recognize from the facial expression alone? a. anger b. disgust c. fear d. joy

c. fear

Which of the following represents a distinction, in Freudian theory, between the ego and the superego? a. The ego is governed by the reality principle, while the superego is concerned with morality and ethics b. The ego is governed by the pleasure principle, while the superego is concerned with morality and ethics c. The ego is concerned with fulfilling instinctual desires, while the superego mediates between desires and reality d. The ego emerges in the first five years of life, while the superego does not emerge until the teenage years

a. The ego is governed by the reality principle, while the superego is concerned with morality and ethics

When a drug user experiences withdrawal symptoms and takes the drug to alleviate those symptoms, it represents the application of a. negative punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. positive reinforcement

b. negative reinforcement

What is another name for validity in qualitative research? a. objectivity b. bias c. trustworthiness d. reliability

c. trustworthiness

When a psychologist becomes aware that their personal problems are interfering with their work, under Standard 2.06b they need to: a. ignore it b. take care of their personal problems c. take appropriate steps to remedy the problem d. continue with work related activities

c. take appropriate steps to remedy the problem.

Which of the following expresses a true distinction between the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior cerebral arteries? a. The anterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the frontal lobes, while the posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the occipital lobes b. The anterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the occipital lobes, while the posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the midline structures c. The anterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the midline structures, while the posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the parietal lobes d. The anterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the subcortical structures, while the posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the midline structures

a. The anterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the frontal lobes, while the posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the occipital lobes

“The disability represents a defect that resides in the individual and action is taken to rehabilitate that condition” is a description of which type of model of disability? Mitchell Morality medical

medical model

According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and controllable cause generates the emotional reaction of: a. anger b. fear c. guilt d. pity

a. anger

Practice Exam 2 Flashcards

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