Practice Exam 1

Question 1

1. Psychoanalytic theory says that fixation during the phallic period results in problems with all of the following except
   a. sexual promiscuity.
   b. homosexuality.
   c. superego formation.
   d. trust.

Answer 1

d. trust

Question 2

Adler suggests that a person’s identity can be adversely affected when the person perceives the inability to overcome a “felt minus” situation. Adler claims that this perception puts a person at risk for

a. perceiving oneself as a victim.
b. a superiority complex.
c. exaggerated transference.
d. fictional finalism.

Answer 2

a. perceiving oneself as a victim.

Question 3

Erikson is the best known for extending Freud‘s concept of the

a. id.
b. ego.
c. superego.
d. Oedipus complex.

Answer 3

b. ego

Question 4

A patient undergoing psychotherapy with Horney’s approach would

a. be encouraged to explore a blocked libido with the intent of releasing it.
b. spend time describing past conflicts rather than focusing on the present.
c. be challenged to confront the idealized self and recognize a realistic self-concept.
d. employ all of the above techniques.

Answer 4

c. be challenged to confront the idealized self and recognize a realistic self-concept.

Question 5

Altruism, according to evolutionary perspectives, is most directly caused by

a. reasoning.
b. the emotion of empathy.
c. experience.
d. the emotion

Answer 5

b. the emotion of empathy

Question 6

Pavlov’s model of the nervous system

a. has no implications for personality theory.
b. proposes different responses to weak stimuli for individuals with strong and weak nervous systems.
c. explains differences in responses as a function of sensation seeking.
d. proposes similar reactions to strong and weak stimuli for individuals with strong and weak nervous systems.

Answer 6

c. explains differences in responses as a function of sensation seeking.

Question 7

Self efficacy, collective efficacy, and proxy efficacy all share

a. an individual orientation.
b. the belief that a group can do what needs to be done for that group to succeed.
c. the belief that effective action can be taken, even if a person is dependent on others.
d. none of the above

Answer 7

c. the belief that effective action can be taken, even if a person is dependent on others.

Question 8

Rogers thought that values

a. should not be included in psychology.
b. emerge for each person from subjective experience.
c. are universal, and the same values apply to everyone.
d. of selfishness are supported by his theory.

Answer 8

b. emerge for each person from subjective experience.

Question 9

Which of the following is listed by Maslow as a characteristic of self-actualized people?

a. Career success
b. Many friends
c. Intelligence
d. Need for privacy

Answer 9

d. Need for privacy

Question 10

The Buddhist principle of dependent origination proposes that

a. every condition is dependent upon a distinct and separate cause.
b. interconnected factors determine any condition.
c. the origin of consciousness is dependent upon karma.
d. None of these.

Answer 10

b. interconnected factors determine any condition.

Question 11

Informed consent is seen as the primary means of ensuring the _____________ and ___________ of those with whom psychologists work.

a. rights, privacy
b. welfare, privacy
c. safety, welfare
d. rights, welfare

Answer 11

d. rights, welfare

Question 12

Psychologists are required to obtain informed consent when engaging in research, assessment, and therapy. Obtaining informed consent reflects which General Principle:

a. Principle E
b. Principle C
c. Principle B
d. Principle A

Answer 12

a. Principle E

Question 13

The Ethics Code provides psychologists with a set of __________ and broad general _________ of conduct.

a. Aspirations, rules.
b. Aspirations, guidelines
c. Values, rules
d. Values, guidelines

Answer 13

a. Aspirations, rules

Question 14

If a conflict between an ethical responsibility and a law or regulation cannot be resolved, Standard 1.02 permits the psychologist to:

a. comply with the law
b. comply with the ethics code
c. comply with neither the ethics code or the law
d. comply with the law if it does not violate human rights

Answer 14

d. comply with the law if it does not violate human rights

Question 15

Dr. F has a client in his private practice who suffers from panic attacks. During one session, Dr. F revealed that he has in the past suffered from panic attacks in order to help the client that he is not alone in experiencing these symptoms. This self-disclosure would be considered:

a. boundary crossing
b. boundary violation
c. ethical
d. unethic

Answer 15

c. ethical

Question 16

Dr. White has written a book related to her research in a small southern town. Although she attempted to disguise the personal information in the book, citizens of the small town have been able to identify who is in her book. Dr. White may be in violation of:

a. Standard 4.01
b. Standard 4.07
c. Standard 4.02
d. Standard 4.05

Answer 16

b. Standard 4.07

Question 17

Dr. Smith regularly takes the local reporters out to dinner. He generally takes them to the most expensive restaurant in town. When questioned Dr. Smith states he is just keeping up good public relations. However, Dr. Smith may be in violation of Standard 5.02b because his dinners could be considered:

a. gift
b. pay
c. compensation
d. bribery

Answer 17

c. compensation

Question 18

The extent to which empirical evidence and psychological theory support the interpretation of test data is called ________________.

a. fairness
b. justice
c. reliability
d. validity

Answer 18

d. validity

Question 19

A psychologist who engages in therapy service with an individual who is already receiving services is engaging in ____________ behavior.

a. legal
b. illegal
c. ethical
d. unethical

Answer 19

c. ethical

Question 20

Aggressive and destructive behavior is seen in _______.

a. oppositional defiant disorder but not conduct disorder
b. conduct disorder but not oppositional defiant disorder
c. both oppositional defiant and conduct disorder
d. neither oppositional defiant nor conduct disorder

Answer 20

b. conduct disorder but not oppositional defiant disorder

Question 21

Kenny is visiting a therapist to treat major depressive disorder. The therapist is concerned with the way Kenny tends to see himself, the world around him, and the future in negative terms. Based on this information, Kenny’s therapist MOST endorses the ______ model of depression.

a. macrophage
b. evolutionary
c. familial
d. cognitive

Answer 21

d. cognitive

Question 22

The fight-or-flight response emphasizes the role of which system?

a. parasympathetic nervous system
b. sympathetic nervous system
c. autonomic nervous system
d. central nervous system

Answer 22

b. sympathetic nervous system

Question 23

Obsession is to compulsion as ______ is to ______.

a. emotion; cognition
b. cognition; emotion
c. cognition; behavior
d. behavior; cognition

Answer 23

c. cognition; behavior

Question 24

Elena visited multiple physicians, claiming that she was suffering from what she believed to be a serious illness. On further examination, one doctor discovered that Elena had been ingesting substances that caused her to exhibit symptoms similar to those characteristic of the illness she claimed to have. Elena’s example BEST illustrates ______.

a. schizophrenia
b. conversion disorder
c. factitious disorder
d. illness anxiety disorder

Answer 24

c. factitious disorder

Question 25

The personality characteristics associated with anorexia nervosa, such as high anxiety and perfectionism, tend to ______ after treatment.

a. persist
b. decrease
c. disappear
d. increase

Answer 25

a. persist

Question 26

Perhaps the LEAST effective of the psychosocial treatments for addiction is ______.

a. cognitive behavioral therapy
b. motivational interviewing
c. an educational approach
d. couple and family therapy

Answer 26

c. an educational approach

Question 27

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are BEST described as symptoms that ______.

a. are clearly identifiable and newly present
b. reflect a decrease in normal functioning
c. reflect an excess or distortion in behavior
d. confer an advantage to the patient

Answer 27

c. reflect an excess or distortion in behavior

Question 28

In the treatment of borderline personality disorder, ______ is rooted in object-relations theory.

a. dialectical behavioral therapy
b. transference-focused psychotherapy
c. dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy
d. client-centered therapy

Answer 28

b. transference-focused psychotherapy

Question 29

Suppose you are a neuroscientist, and you are studying brain activation differences between younger adults and older adults. You notice that while performing the same set of tasks, the older adults tend to use more of their brains than the younger adults. This phenomenon is known as ______ among older adults.

a. compensation
b. deletion
c. addition
d. neural subtraction

Answer 29

a. compensation

Question 30

With regard to cultural competence, greater emphasis has been placed on the education of White trainees because

a. There are more mental health professionals of color than White.
b. Most theories and practices in psychology arise from a White, Western perspective.
c. Increasing numbers of minority members are controlling the gateways to the delivery of mental health services to socially devalued client populations.
d. None of the choices is correct.

Answer 30

b. Most theories and practices in psychology arise from a White, Western perspective.

Question 31

Covert sexism is

a. unequal yet favorable treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner
b. acceptable treatment of women that women nonetheless consider to represent “hidden” sexism
c. unequal and harmful treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner
d. inequitable and injurious treatment of women by men that is conducted in an openly hostile manner.

Answer 31

c. unequal and harmful treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner

Question 32

What has been found regarding nonverbal communication?

a. The lack of facial expression in many Asians has contributed to their “model minority” status.
b. Avoidance of eye contact is often interpreted negatively.
c. Many Black Americans make infrequent eye contact when speaking.
d. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 32

b. Avoidance of eye contact is often interpreted negatively.

Question 33

Which stage has the most profound negative impact on nearly all people of color?

a. Resistance and Immersion Stage
b. Dissonance Stage
c. Introspection Stage
d. Conformity Stage

Answer 33

d. Conformity Stage

Question 34

The degree of deviation from traditional gender roles should ultimately be determined by

a. the client in the context of cultural variables
b. the counselor
c. the place the client is currently living
d. the deviation acceptable to the spouse

Answer 34

a. the client in the context of cultural variables

Question 35

Awareness of the sexual orientation of gay males and lesbian females tends to occur in

a. adulthood
b. early childhood
c. late adulthood
d. early teens

Answer 35

d. early teens

Question 36

According to social-class stratification theory, poverty is understood

a. to be at the bottom-most rung in a hierarchical system of sociocultural power relations that goes beyond differences of income
b. to be stratified and sees those in poverty equal to those in the middle class
c. to be unproblematic and, in fact, desirable as individuals in poverty benefit from social welfare programs
d. None of the choices is correct.

Answer 36

a. to be at the bottom-most rung in a hierarchical system of sociocultural power relations that goes beyond differences of income.

Question 37

Your client, a 5-year-old White male, does not have access to a reputable public school in his neighborhood. Your client is likely experiencing

a. racism
b. sexism
c. classism
d. homophobia

Answer 37

c. classism

Question 38

Microaggressions in sexism can be

a. overt, manifesting in blatantly unequal and unfair treatment
b. covert in unequal, harmful treatment conducted in a hidden manner, such as gender-biased hiring practices
c. subtle in unequal treatment that is so normative that it is unquestionably accepted
d. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 38

d. All of the choices are correct.

Question 39

Microaggressions are best described as

a. minor offenses that are typically unintentional and thus harmless in nature
b. the everyday slights, put-downs, invalidations, and insults directed toward a group
c. racist statements that cause minimal harm because they are micro in nature as opposed to macro
d. feelings of inferiority that racism and prejudice cause minority groups

Answer 39

b. the everyday slights, put-downs, invalidations, and insults directed toward a group.

Question 40

Whose theory of how children’s minds develop influenced Piaget and Vygotsky?

a. James Baldwin
b. William James
c. G. Stanley Hall
d. Lightner Witmer

Answer 40

a. James Baldwin

Question 41

What is the purpose of instincts according to William James?

a. to produce fixed action response patterns
b. to allow animals to develop
c. to help us develop habits
d. to promote infant survival

Answer 41

c. to help us develop habits

Question 42

______ is a situation in which an organism simultaneously experiences a drive to obtain a desired object and a fear compelling it to flee the object.

a. Drive-reduction conflict
b. Approach-avoidance conflict
c. Cognitive-dissonance conflict
d. Habit strength conflict

Answer 42

b. Approach-avoidance conflict

Question 43

Adler saw an underlying sense of ______ in his patients that drove their maladaptive behavior.

a. entitlement
b. superiority
c. inferiority
d. self-actualization

Answer 43

c. inferiority

Question 44

In an experiment to have participants to rate the perceived sweetness level of various flavored candy, one participant told the researcher he had to skip the candy sample labeled peppermint. The researcher asked if he was allergic, he said no but peppermint made him nauseous. This participant was exhibiting ______.

a. conditioned taste aversion
b. double dissociation
c. classical conditioning
d. unconditioned stimulus

Answer 44

a. conditioned taste aversion

Question 45

Our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world, in general, as opposed to memories about the events of our lives is called ______.

a. semantic memory
b. unreliable memory
c. short-term memory
d. flashbulb memory

Answer 45

a. semantic memory

Question 46

A popularized concept from Stanley Milgram’s social psychology experiments was the ______, which is the perception of connectedness to a routinely seen person in your normal routine.

a. shadow stranger
b. familiar stranger
c. unfamiliar attachment
d. stranger

Answer 46

b. familiar stranger

Question 47

In terms of Albert Bandura’s social learning theory model, ______ is a set of beliefs about one’s ability to cope with particular challenges that then guides people’s behavior.

a. self-reliance
b. self-confidence
c. self-efficacy
d. self-identity

Answer 47

c. self-efficacy

Question 48

Contrary to Freudian theory that childhood stages and early events shaping personality for like, Erikson contends that ______ in life can have greater impact on life span personality behavior.

a. new learning
b. achievements
c. turning points
d. environmental changes

Answer 48

c. turning points

Question 49

When working with children and adolescents, psychologists must constantly balance ethical obligations. Those obligations are outlined in which two General Principles?

a. Principle A and Principle B
b. Principle A and Principle E
c. Principle B and Principle C
d. Principle B and Principle D

Answer 49

b. Principle A and Principle E