Practice Design - Instructions

Question 1

Define Internal Focus

Answer 1

Focusing attention on the movement pattern

Question 2

Define External Focus

Answer 2

Focusing attention on the effects of

movement

Question 3

How can attentional focus and learning be applied to Parkinsons?

Answer 3

• Therapists as coaches…
• Movement control can be improved with external cueing
– Visual
– Auditory
• Cueing can help to guide where (visual) and when
(auditory) to step (Young et al., 2013)

Question 4

Name the Stages of Learning in Fitts & Posner’s theory

Answer 4

Cognitive Stage
Associative Stage
Autonomous Stage

Question 5

Describe the Coginitve Stage

Answer 5

– Performance is slow, erratic and error-ridden
– Movement knowledge is explicit and verbally-mediated,
requiring conscious effort (concentration)

Question 6

Describe the Associative Stage

Answer 6

– Performance consistency increases leading to fewer errors

– Learners are able detect and correct their own errors

Question 7

Describe the Autonomous Stage

Answer 7

– Performance is smooth, effortless and accurate
– Movement knowledge is implicit and non-verbalised, requiring
little conscious effort (concentration)

Question 8

Define Implicit knowledge

Answer 8

“Implicit knowledge is made up of that which
we ‘know’ yet are not aware of and thus
cannot articulate”

Question 9

Define Explicit knowledge

Answer 9

“Explicit knowledge is made up of facts and
rules of which we are specifically aware and
therefore able to articulate”

Question 10

Define the reinvestment hypothesis

Answer 10

“…under pressure, the individual begins thinking about
how he or she is executing the skill, and endeavours to
operate it with his or her explicit knowledge…” (Masters, 1992)

Question 11

What do athletes of different skill levels pay

attention to when performing a movement?

Answer 11

Experts should have less access to information
about skill execution
Novice = Explicit attention to skill execution
Expert = Implicit attention to skill execution

Question 12

Dual-tasks as a method to study movement

automatization during skill execution

Answer 12

– Skill focused dual-task
• Which part of the foot is in contact with the ball?
– Extraneous dual-task
• Is the tone that you hear “high” or “low”?

Question 13

How will the respective dual-tasks effect

performance?

Answer 13

> Cognitive Stage = Novices pay attention to movement

> Autonomous = Experts do not pay attention to movement