Practice and Feedback in Motor Learning Flashcards
used to imprint/strength motor plans and leads to easier movement patterns, less energy requirements and automacy of movement
practice
variables to consider with practice
length of practice time, frequency of practice, structure of session, feedback, rest breaks, pt sx
what parameters should you consider manipulating with practice
speed, time (accuracy), frequency, intensity/resistance
practice should be
purposeful/goal oriented
a practice session in which the amount of practice time is greater than rest time
massed practice
for continuous tasks, performance degrades due to fatigue, causing learning to be slightly affected on task transfer
massed practice
a practice session in which the amount of rest between sessions is equal or greater than the session
distributed practice
better for pts who fatigue or have limited cognition; may lead to better task transfer and overall learning (processing time to imprint skill)
distributed practice
examples of massed practice
- one 3 hours practice practice once a week
- six 2 hours sessions 2x/week for 3 weeks
- six 2 hour sessions 1x/week for 6 weeks
examples of distributed practice
- three 1 hours practices per week
- twelve 1 hour sessions 1x/week for 12 weeks
- 24 30 minute session 2x/week for 12 weeks
practicing at one specific speed, repeitition or skill; leads to less ability to adapt and generalize learning
constant learning
is constant or variable better for pt with limited cognitive processing
constant
practicing the same skill at different speeds or frequencies; leads to best adaptation of skill and improved generalized learning
variable practice
practice 3 point shots from the same place
constant
practice shooting from various points on the court
variable
______ leads to worse practice performance but superior retention and transfer (learning)
contextual interference
most effective at learning tasks with different motor patterns
random practice
intellectual ability/motivation may be factor as performance will be worse during what phase
skill acquisition phase
multiple skills practiced during a single session allowing for improved transfer of skills; best when using skills with different motor patterns and coordination
contextual interference - random practice
practicing multiple skills in random order that use different coordination patterns and different motor patterns
random practice
practicing sit to stands from varying surfaces along with balance and gait activities
random practice
practicing multiple skills in a session but practice one skill for a set time before moving to the next skill
blocked practice
which is better, random or blocked, if cognition is affected
blocked
during blocked practice, skill is better during what phase and worse during
- better: skill acquistion phase
- worse: skill transfer
practicing sit to stands for a specific number of trials, then move to supine to sit and practice for a set number of trials
blocked
interference during learning leads to better transfer of skill although poorer perforce during skull acquisition phase
contextual interference
practicing the skill in its entirety
whole practice
gait training and not breaking down specific components
whole practice
breaking down the skill into components to learn entire skills
part practice
the process of breaking down the components of a skill or movement and then ordering them in sequence
task analysis
practicing initial contact and loading response with gait
part practice
can only be used if task can be subdivided
part practice
(ex: prone hip extension does not translate to hip extension during terminal stance)
does whole or part training lead to the greatest effect in motor learn
both
mentally practicing a motor skill in one’s imagination can produce large positive effects
motor imagery
_____ can enhance learning when physical practice is not possible
mental practice
studies shows that imagery can help with acquisition of skill, but reaching max speed of execution takes how much physical practice
75%
amount of transferability depends on what
- similarity between the 2 tasks or the 2 environments
- also depends on type of practice
what type of practice leads to best transfer of skill but worse during acqusition phase
random/variable
what is the best way to help a patient learn
trial and error
____ hinders transfer of learning as it may improve short term performance but hinders transferability of skill in long term
excessive guidance
inherent; comes from one’s own sensory system as a result of movement (visual, perception, auditory, tactile)
intrinsic feedback
augmented; supplements intrinsic; can be given either concurrently or terminally; verbal or tactile cueing, video replay, biofeedback
extrinsic feedback
what are the two forms of extrinsic feedback
- knowledge of results
- knowledge of performance
Feedback about the end/overall result of outcome of movement; Using various tests/times/measures to provide feedback of performance
knowledge of results
Feedback about the nature or quality of movement
Focus on the key task elements
Feedback of performing the actual task
knowledge of performance
may be the most important parameter to build skill
practice intensity
____ is correlated with improved performance and function
higher reps
_____ is most rapid early on and may continue to improve for many years
performance improvement
optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning; combines attention, motivation and motor learning with dynamic systems theory
OPTIMAL theory of motor learning
