Intro to Motor Function Flashcards
what are the 3 parts that make up motor function
motor control, motor development, motor learning
field of study in movement science associated with changes in motor behavior as result of growth, maturation, experience; both a process and a product
motor development
nature of mover + nature of environment
motor development
the ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement
motor control
motor control is the dynamic interaction between what three things
individual, environment, and task
what are the 3 factors within the individual that influence motor control
perception, cognition, action
perception includes peripheral and higher cortical sensory processing to develop a motor plan based on what two types of information
feedforward and feedback
integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information
perception
the sending of signals in advance of movement to prepare/anticipate changes in movement
feedforward
______ involvement adds interpretation and meaning to perception
higher level
is the response produced information that occurs after the movement used to correct or monitor output
feedback
an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage
pain
educating pt on what is and not what pain does can change someones perception of pain
pain science
the act of knowing
cognition
what does cognition incorporate
awareness, reasoning, judgement, intuition, memory
essential to movement because is provides motivation, problem solving, attention to task and emotions associated with movement
intention
implementation of the motor program by the UMN/LMN system and is usually studies in relation to a specific activity (walking, running, talking, dressing, stacking blocks, driving a car)
action
nature of the _____ being performed determines what type of movement is needed
task
The process of analyzing a specific skill to identify the abilities that underlie the performance of the skill; used to solve motor problems
task analysis
what must adapt the motor plan for task-specific movements based on regulatory vs non-regulatory factors in the environment
CNS
the process of analyzing a specific skill to identify the abilities that underlie the performance of skill and used to solve motor problems
task analysis (gentile’s taxonomy for task classification)
what are the 3 systemic processes a task analysis looks at
learner ability, task requirements, environmental influences
what are the 4 categories in which tasks are put into during Gentile’s taxonomy
stability, mobility, closed predictable environment, open predictable environment
temporal model of task analysis outlines temporal sequencing of a task into 5 stages, what are they
initial condition, preparation, initiation of movement, execution of movement, termination of movement
what allows a PT to determine the presence of deficits in motor control and also determine possible underlying causes
task analysis
a set of internal processes associated with PRACTICE or EXPERIENCE leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior
motor learning
what is critical for motor learning
feedback
error detection or confirmation from the mover’s sensory system (sensory feedback from within the body)
intrinsic feedback
augmented feedback provided by the PT/coach (feedback from outside the body)
extrinsic feedback
what are the 4 components of motor learning
- a process of acquiring capability to produce a skilled action
- results from experience or practice
- inferred by behavior - cannot be directly measured
- produces permanent changes in motor behavior
is a temporary change in motor behavior seen in practice sessions
performance
ability to perform the skill over time and after a period of no practice
retention
ability to apply the skill to the learning of other similar tasks
generalizability of the skill
ability to perform a motor tasks in altered situations
resistance to contextual change
what are the 3 ways of knowing if motor learning occurred
retention, generalizability of the skill, resistance to contextual change
what are the 3 stages of motor learning
cognitive, associative, autonomous
Person has to think or concentrate on the movement - high degree of cognitive activity
Consciously considering all strategies to accomplish movement
May even have to talk their way through the motion
Movements are typically stiff, inefficient, slow, non-fluid
May hesitate or not finish the movement
Have lots of errors in the movement
Trial and error needed
cognitive stage
Best strategy for the task has been determined - no longer having to concentrate on the specifics of the movement
Using practice to refine the skill by making subtle adjustments
Addressing environmental demands of the movement
Less variability in performance in this stage
associative stage
Requires very low amount of attention to the task
Skill is mostly automatic
Able to scan environment or perform two tasks at the same time
Paying too much attention in this stage might actually cause the motion to degrade
autonomous stage
number of planes of motion possible at a single joint
DOF
what are the 3 stages of motor learning by mastery of DOF
novice, advanced, expert
fixing-learner co-activates muscles around a joint in order to allow another joint to move freely until the task is mastered
novice stage
learner allows more joints to participate in the movement - less stiffness observed, more fluid, fewer errors, more efficient
advanced stage
learner allows all DOF that are possible in a movement
Movement is efficient, learner able to adapt to speed, quality and coordination of movement
expert stage
happens at cellular, tissue and organ levels within milliseconds
motor control
happens over a period of hours, days and weeks with feedback and practice
motor learning
happens over an individuals lifespan
motor development
a PT uses a full length mirror to provide feedback to a pt working on chin tucks exercises; this is an example of augmented (external) feedback T/F
T
a PT is working with a pt teaching a quad set exercise; the pt accurately demonstrates exercise prior to leaving clinic to go home; this would indicate pt has motor learned the activity T/F
F
what are the early theories of motor control
reflex theory, hierarchial theory, neuromaturational theory
what are the contemporary theories of motor control
central pattern generators, bernstein’s circular loop theory, dynamic systems theory
bottom up process (closed loop) where information comes in from sensory system as a stimulus and then produces a response
sherrington’s reflex theory
motor behavior occurs in one way, top down approach in which motor control emerges from reflexes that are nested in the hierarchy of CNS
hughlings jackson’s hierarchical model of organization
DTRs/flexor withdrawal
spinal cord
tonic reflexes - changes in posture and muscle tone
brain stem
righting and equilibrium reflexes
midbrain and cortex
what are the 3 levels of CNS control that can override reflexes in hierarchical model
- upper level: association cortex (least automatic and driving by one’s will and makes commands)
- middle level: sensorimotor cerebral cortex (passes command on)
- lower level: brainstem and spinal cord (carries out the action)
normal motor development occurs as CNS develops and matures (myelinates)
neuromaturational theory
in any given motor task a wide variety of neuromuscular movements may be combined in infinite ways in varying DOF
bernstein’s DOF problem
proposed that the will to do a given motor behavior sets off a dynamic process
bernstein’s circular loop hypothesis
movement is not based on a set pattern, but rather movement occurs as a closed loop process
berntein’s circular loop hypothesis
the functional unit of motor behavior believed by Bernstein
syngergies
DOF in any motor task are controlled by _____ coupling of muscle functions and joint motions into task specific functional movements in Bernsteins theories
synergies
motor patterns can either be activated by a sensory stimulus or by central process within the brainstem and spinal cord knowns as
central pattern generators (CPG)
hardwired for rhythmic patterns of movement rather than only reactive, reflexive patterns
central motor patterns
coordinate movement of flexor/extensor muscles within a single limb
intralimb generators
coordinate actions between limbs for a variety of movement patterns
interlimb generators
where are CPG’s located
reticular formation of midbrain, upper segments of cervical spinal cord, lower thoracic/upper lumbar spinal cord
movement is based on dynamic interactions between task, individual and environment
dynamic systems theory
reciprocal flow of information is essential if movement patterns are to be contextually adapted based on internal and external contraints; reinforces and refines motor patterns; allows us to initiate compensatory strategies if the wrong motor plan is initially selected or is unexpected environmental actions occurs
information processing in a dynamic system
what are the 3 types of information processing
serial processing, parallel processing, parallel distributed processing
specific lock-step passing of information from one part of the NS to the next (only processing one thing)
serial processing
processing information by more than one center at a time (processing multiple things at once)
parallel processing
combination of serial and parallel processing, is the most efficient, and allows the NS to respond based on situation
parallel-distributed processing
built in _____ of information processing assures function will still occur even if one route is blocked
duplication
coordinates many activities simultaneously and needs multiple centers of control at different levels within the same system
distributed control of NS
forces that produce motion of the body or body segments
kinetics
force =
mass x acceleration
position and motion of body in space
kinematics
