Intro to Motor Function

Question 1

what are the 3 parts that make up motor function

Answer 1

motor control, motor development, motor learning

Question 2

field of study in movement science associated with changes in motor behavior as result of growth, maturation, experience; both a process and a product

Answer 2

motor development

Question 3

nature of mover + nature of environment

Answer 3

motor development

Question 4

the ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement

Answer 4

motor control

Question 5

motor control is the dynamic interaction between what three things

Answer 5

individual, environment, and task

Question 6

what are the 3 factors within the individual that influence motor control

Answer 6

perception, cognition, action

Question 7

perception includes peripheral and higher cortical sensory processing to develop a motor plan based on what two types of information

Answer 7

feedforward and feedback

Question 8

integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information

Answer 8

perception

Question 9

the sending of signals in advance of movement to prepare/anticipate changes in movement

Answer 9

feedforward

Question 10

______ involvement adds interpretation and meaning to perception

Answer 10

higher level

Question 11

is the response produced information that occurs after the movement used to correct or monitor output

Answer 11

feedback

Question 12

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage

Answer 12

pain

Question 13

educating pt on what is and not what pain does can change someones perception of pain

Answer 13

pain science

Question 14

the act of knowing

Answer 14

cognition

Question 15

what does cognition incorporate

Answer 15

awareness, reasoning, judgement, intuition, memory

Question 16

essential to movement because is provides motivation, problem solving, attention to task and emotions associated with movement

Answer 16

intention

Question 17

implementation of the motor program by the UMN/LMN system and is usually studies in relation to a specific activity (walking, running, talking, dressing, stacking blocks, driving a car)

Answer 17

action

Question 18

nature of the _____ being performed determines what type of movement is needed

Answer 18

task

Question 19

The process of analyzing a specific skill to identify the abilities that underlie the performance of the skill; used to solve motor problems

Answer 19

task analysis

Question 20

what must adapt the motor plan for task-specific movements based on regulatory vs non-regulatory factors in the environment

Answer 20

CNS

Question 21

the process of analyzing a specific skill to identify the abilities that underlie the performance of skill and used to solve motor problems

Answer 21

task analysis (gentile’s taxonomy for task classification)

Question 22

what are the 3 systemic processes a task analysis looks at

Answer 22

learner ability, task requirements, environmental influences

Question 23

what are the 4 categories in which tasks are put into during Gentile’s taxonomy

Answer 23

stability, mobility, closed predictable environment, open predictable environment

Question 24

temporal model of task analysis outlines temporal sequencing of a task into 5 stages, what are they

Answer 24

initial condition, preparation, initiation of movement, execution of movement, termination of movement

Question 25

what allows a PT to determine the presence of deficits in motor control and also determine possible underlying causes

Answer 25

task analysis

Question 26

a set of internal processes associated with PRACTICE or EXPERIENCE leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior

Answer 26

motor learning

Question 27

what is critical for motor learning

Answer 27

feedback

Question 28

error detection or confirmation from the mover’s sensory system (sensory feedback from within the body)

Answer 28

intrinsic feedback

Question 29

augmented feedback provided by the PT/coach (feedback from outside the body)

Answer 29

extrinsic feedback

Question 30

what are the 4 components of motor learning

Answer 30

- a process of acquiring capability to produce a skilled action - results from experience or practice - inferred by behavior - cannot be directly measured - produces permanent changes in motor behavior

Question 31

is a temporary change in motor behavior seen in practice sessions

Answer 31

performance

Question 32

ability to perform the skill over time and after a period of no practice

Answer 32

retention

Question 33

ability to apply the skill to the learning of other similar tasks

Answer 33

generalizability of the skill

Question 34

ability to perform a motor tasks in altered situations

Answer 34

resistance to contextual change

Question 35

what are the 3 ways of knowing if motor learning occurred

Answer 35

retention, generalizability of the skill, resistance to contextual change

Question 36

what are the 3 stages of motor learning

Answer 36

cognitive, associative, autonomous

Question 37

Person has to think or concentrate on the movement - high degree of cognitive activity Consciously considering all strategies to accomplish movement May even have to talk their way through the motion Movements are typically stiff, inefficient, slow, non-fluid May hesitate or not finish the movement Have lots of errors in the movement Trial and error needed

Answer 37

cognitive stage

Question 38

Best strategy for the task has been determined - no longer having to concentrate on the specifics of the movement Using practice to refine the skill by making subtle adjustments Addressing environmental demands of the movement Less variability in performance in this stage

Answer 38

associative stage

Question 39

Requires very low amount of attention to the task Skill is mostly automatic Able to scan environment or perform two tasks at the same time Paying too much attention in this stage might actually cause the motion to degrade

Answer 39

autonomous stage

Question 40

number of planes of motion possible at a single joint

Answer 40

DOF

Question 41

what are the 3 stages of motor learning by mastery of DOF

Answer 41

novice, advanced, expert

Question 42

fixing-learner co-activates muscles around a joint in order to allow another joint to move freely until the task is mastered

Answer 42

novice stage

Question 43

learner allows more joints to participate in the movement - less stiffness observed, more fluid, fewer errors, more efficient

Answer 43

advanced stage

Question 44

learner allows all DOF that are possible in a movement Movement is efficient, learner able to adapt to speed, quality and coordination of movement

Answer 44

expert stage

Question 45

happens at cellular, tissue and organ levels within milliseconds

Answer 45

motor control

Question 46

happens over a period of hours, days and weeks with feedback and practice

Answer 46

motor learning

Question 47

happens over an individuals lifespan

Answer 47

motor development

Question 48

a PT uses a full length mirror to provide feedback to a pt working on chin tucks exercises; this is an example of augmented (external) feedback T/F

Answer 48

T

Question 49

a PT is working with a pt teaching a quad set exercise; the pt accurately demonstrates exercise prior to leaving clinic to go home; this would indicate pt has motor learned the activity T/F

Answer 49

F

Question 50

what are the early theories of motor control

Answer 50

reflex theory, hierarchial theory, neuromaturational theory

Question 51

what are the contemporary theories of motor control

Answer 51

central pattern generators, bernstein's circular loop theory, dynamic systems theory

Question 52

bottom up process (closed loop) where information comes in from sensory system as a stimulus and then produces a response

Answer 52

sherrington's reflex theory

Question 53

motor behavior occurs in one way, top down approach in which motor control emerges from reflexes that are nested in the hierarchy of CNS

Answer 53

hughlings jackson's hierarchical model of organization

Question 54

DTRs/flexor withdrawal

Answer 54

spinal cord

Question 55

tonic reflexes - changes in posture and muscle tone

Answer 55

brain stem

Question 56

righting and equilibrium reflexes

Answer 56

midbrain and cortex

Question 57

what are the 3 levels of CNS control that can override reflexes in hierarchical model

Answer 57

- upper level: association cortex (least automatic and driving by one's will and makes commands) - middle level: sensorimotor cerebral cortex (passes command on) - lower level: brainstem and spinal cord (carries out the action)

Question 58

normal motor development occurs as CNS develops and matures (myelinates)

Answer 58

neuromaturational theory

Question 59

in any given motor task a wide variety of neuromuscular movements may be combined in infinite ways in varying DOF

Answer 59

bernstein's DOF problem

Question 60

proposed that the will to do a given motor behavior sets off a dynamic process

Answer 60

bernstein's circular loop hypothesis

Question 61

movement is not based on a set pattern, but rather movement occurs as a closed loop process

Answer 61

berntein's circular loop hypothesis

Question 62

the functional unit of motor behavior believed by Bernstein

Answer 62

syngergies

Question 63

DOF in any motor task are controlled by _____ coupling of muscle functions and joint motions into task specific functional movements in Bernsteins theories

Answer 63

synergies

Question 64

motor patterns can either be activated by a sensory stimulus or by central process within the brainstem and spinal cord knowns as

Answer 64

central pattern generators (CPG)

Question 65

hardwired for rhythmic patterns of movement rather than only reactive, reflexive patterns

Answer 65

central motor patterns

Question 66

coordinate movement of flexor/extensor muscles within a single limb

Answer 66

intralimb generators

Question 67

coordinate actions between limbs for a variety of movement patterns

Answer 67

interlimb generators

Question 68

where are CPG's located

Answer 68

reticular formation of midbrain, upper segments of cervical spinal cord, lower thoracic/upper lumbar spinal cord

Question 69

movement is based on dynamic interactions between task, individual and environment

Answer 69

dynamic systems theory

Question 70

reciprocal flow of information is essential if movement patterns are to be contextually adapted based on internal and external contraints; reinforces and refines motor patterns; allows us to initiate compensatory strategies if the wrong motor plan is initially selected or is unexpected environmental actions occurs

Answer 70

information processing in a dynamic system

Question 71

what are the 3 types of information processing

Answer 71

serial processing, parallel processing, parallel distributed processing

Question 72

specific lock-step passing of information from one part of the NS to the next (only processing one thing)

Answer 72

serial processing

Question 73

processing information by more than one center at a time (processing multiple things at once)

Answer 73

parallel processing

Question 74

combination of serial and parallel processing, is the most efficient, and allows the NS to respond based on situation

Answer 74

parallel-distributed processing

Question 75

built in _____ of information processing assures function will still occur even if one route is blocked

Answer 75

duplication

Question 76

coordinates many activities simultaneously and needs multiple centers of control at different levels within the same system

Answer 76

distributed control of NS

Question 77

forces that produce motion of the body or body segments

Answer 77

kinetics

Question 78

force =

Answer 78

mass x acceleration

Question 79

position and motion of body in space

Answer 79

kinematics