Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Spring P1 > Practice 722 Final > Flashcards

Practice 722 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Required components of a telephone Prescription

A

Name of patient & DOB
Name of medication, strength, directions and quantity
Name of person calling in prescription
Initials of pharmacist/intern receiving prescription
Date (also recommended is the time and if it was a message or a live conversation)
Call back number
Species if animal (vet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the pathophysiological reasons for tooth hypersensitivity?

A

Dentin Exposure through loss of enamel or gingival recession.
Dentin tubules open to oral cavity and pulp.
Stimuli (heat or cold or pressure) reach dentin or open tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What non-pharmacologic treatment is there for tooth hypersensitivity?

A

Eliminate factors that cause sensitivity.
Avoid brushing teeth within 30-60min of consuming acidic foods/drinks
Avoid using highly abrasive toothpastes (teeth whitening properties)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What pharmacological treatment is there for tooth hypersensivity?

A

Potassium Nitrate - acts on dentin to block perception of stimuli (takes up to 2-4 weeks)
Arginine in combo w/ calcium carbonate to occlude exposed tubules (use max 4 weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the symptoms of teething?

A

Pain, Irritation, reddening, drooling, mouth biting, gum rubbing, low fever, eruption cysts, loss of sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What non-pharmacologic treatment is there for teething discomfort?

A

massage gums around tooth area
Cold Teething Ring
Dry foods is old enough (avoid high sucrose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What pharmacologic treatment is there for teething?

A

Topical Oral Analgesics (not recommended) - Benzocaine, Lidocaine
Systemic Analgesics - Children’s tylenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what features characterize RAS?

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (canker sore)

Lesions that affect only non-keratinized mucosa, occur on tongue, floor of mouth, soft palate, inside of lips/cheek. Ulcers usually round/oval and crater like w/ gray to yellow visible halo or inflamed tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What non-pharm treatment options are there for RAS?

A

Fix Vitamin Deficiency (Iron, Folate, etc)

Reduce Stress, avoid irritating foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What pharm treatment options are there for RAS?

A 
Oral debriding agents/wound cleansing agents
Topical Oral Anesthetics
Topical Oral Protectants (inert)
Oral Rinses
Systemic Analgesics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What types of Topical Anesthetics are used for RAS, and what concentrations?

A 
Benzocaine 5-20%, 
Benzyl Alcohol 0.05-0.1%,
Butacaine sulfate 0.05-0.1%,
Dyclonine 0.05-0.1%,
Hexylresorcinol 0.05-01%,
Salicylic Alcohol 1-6%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What information would you share with a patient regarding the timeline for RAS?

A

Most resolve within 14 days

Debriding agents may be used for 7 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is HSL? and what causes it?

A

Herpes Simplex Labialis which is caused by
HSV-1 or HSV-2
1- oral and labial lesions
2- forms genital sores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do HSL outbreaks generally occur?

A

It remainsin a latent state in trigeminal ganglia until reactivatino through exposure to a trigger (UV, Stress, fatigue, cold, wind burn, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What non-pharm and Cam therapties can be recommended for HSL?

A

Non Pharm
keep lesions clean (wash mild soap)
Keep lesionsmoist

CAM
Tea Tree Oil, Lysine supplement, Lemon Balm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What Pharm therapy exists for HSL?

A

Docosonal - only if used during first signs of outbreak to reduce symptoms
Other externally applied analgesics or anesthetics to reduce pain
Skin Protectants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Xerostomia, and what/where is it often seen in?

A

Patients with Sjogren syndrom, diabetes mellitus, depression, Crohns, and older populations
Those on Anticholinergic drugs (antihistamines, decongestants, anti-hypertensives, diuretics, antidepressants, anti-psychotics, and sedatives)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What symptoms usually accompany Xerostomia?

A

Difficulty swallowing and/or talking, stomatitis, burning tongue or halitosis, hypersensitive teeth, lack of taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What non-pharm or cam therapy is used to treat Xerostomia?

A

mild case: sugarless sweets, chewing gums (sugar alcohol) or suckin on ice chips
Avoid Spicy foods, avoid smoking, no caffeine or alcohol
Limit sugar intake/starchy and acidic foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What pharm therapy is availble for those with xerostomia?

A

Artificial salivary products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the differences in energy between UVA, UVB and UVC?

A

UVA - (320-400) penetrates glass, involved in DNA damage and immune suppression
UVB - (290-320) most active, called sunburn radiation, highest from 10am-4pm
UVC - (200-299) screened out by ozone, absorbed by SC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the ABCs of Melanomas and skin cancer risks?

A 
Asymmetric shape
Border irregularities
Color Variation
Diameter larger than 6mm
Evolution (change over time)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can excess UVR exposure lead to?

A

Sunburn, Premature Aging, Skin Cancer, Sweet Tan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What prevention methods should be taken to minimize risk of excess UVR?

A

Avoidance (hat w/ 4in brim, long sleeved shirt)

Sunscreens SPF 15+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some Types of Sunscreens and what do they block best?

A

Aminobenzoic Acid - UVB, good for sweat, not water
Anthranilates - UVB/UVA, often used in combo products
Benzophenones - UVB/UVA, significant sensitizing agent
Cinnamates - UVB/UVA dont adhere well to skin
Dibenzoyl Methane Derivatives - Avobenzone (UVA)
Physical - Zinc Oxide, can be used with anything but Avobenzone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What directions should you give someone in applying sunscreen?

A

apply 15-30min before UV exposure and at least every 2 hours thereafter, or immediately after swimming, sweating, etc.
If Water resistant, still reapply 40-80min after swimming/sweating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the three stages of wound healing?

A
  1. Inflammatory (3-4 days) consists of hemostasis
  2. Proliferative (3days - 3 weeks) fills wound with new connective tissue
  3. Maturation (3 weeks+) wound completely closed and solidly healed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What components are essential for wound healing?

A

Vitamin C and E, as well as protein, carbohydrates, and trace elements required for collagen production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the different stages of wound/burn?

A

Stage 1 - only epidermis, no loss of skin layers
Stage 2 - Blistering or partial thickness skin loss (break)
Stage 3 - Full thickness loss w/ damage to entire epidermis, dermis and dermal appendages
Stage 4 - Stage 3 plus damage to underlying subcutaneous tissue, muscle tendon or bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How would you treat a patient whose burn is 2% of BSA or possess a stage 3 or 4 burn?

A

Immediately refer/medical attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What non-pharm treatment should be used for stage 1 or 2 burns?

A

leave open, soak in soapy water for 30min at least 3 times a day, avoid application of ice/ice water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the different types of wound dressings?

A

Gauze - minor wounds/burns that are draining/need debridement (change often)
Antimicrobial - contain products like silver/iodine
Speciality - absorb excess moisture
Adhesive - often waterproof, no needles for wound closure.
Surgical tape - for those that dont require changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What pharmacologic therapties may be useful in the treatment of burns?

A 
Systemic Analgesics
Skin Protectants
Topical Anesthetics
First Aid Antiseptics
Antibiotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the role of protectants against burns? What products are there?

A

Prevent drying of stratum corneum, further injury and make area less painful.

Allantoin, Cocoa butter, petrolatum, shark liver oil, white petrolatum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How might first-aid antiseptics be used to treat burns or wounds? Products available?

A

in wound after it has been rinsed to completely clean out.

Hydrogen peroxide, Ethyl Alcohol, Isopropyl Alcohol, Iodine, Povidine/Iodine, Camphorated phenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What first aid antibiotics may be used on burned/broken skin?

A

Bacitracin
Neomycin
Polymyxin B Sulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What natural products are often used for burns?

A 
Aloe Vera (meh)
Calendula Oficinalis (meh)
Honey (good)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the symptoms of irritant contact dermatitis?

A

dry or macereated, painful cracking and inflamed skin that is generally itching,m burning and stinging.

Late stage: ulcers and necrosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are non-pharm therapy options for ICD?

A

wash with tepid water
cleanse w/ hypoallergenic soap
preventative measures
non medicated emollients/moisturizers and barrier creams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Pharm therapy for ICD?

A

Emolients applied liberally to SC, or colloidal ointment baths to relieve itching.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What usually occurs in allergic contact dermatitis to create a reaction?

A

Related to exposure of an allergen that activates sensitized T cells, does not typically appear on first contact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What plant product/chemical is most commonly responsible for ACD?

A

Urishiol (oil found in toxicodendron plants, poison ivy/oak/sumac)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are similarities/differences for ACD and ICD in presentation?

A

Both can occur anywhere on body (ICD usually limited to hands/forearms)
ACD limited to area of antigen contact, generally linear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Symptoms of Urushiol induced ACD?

A

Intense itching, vesicles, and bullae (may break open and release fluid), papules or plaques, oozing vesicular fluid, crusting and drying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What pharm agents are most successful in treating ACD?

A

Hydrocortisone, Calamine, Colloidal Oatmeals, or Astringents

Zanfel wash
Tecnu skin cleanser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What non-pharm therapy successful for ICD/ACD?

A

Protective clothing
Barrier products
Immediate removal of antigen at time of exposure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What products might be successful in reducing itching of ACD?

A

Topical ointments/creams containing anesthetics, antihistamines or antibiotics

First gen antihistamines for at night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What products might be successful in treating weeping of ACD?

A

Astringents
Aluminum Acetate solution USP
Isotonic Saline Solution
Hydrocortisone cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What product is most successful for treating inflammation in ACD?

A

Hydrocortisone cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Acne Vulgaris?

A

Problems of the pilosebaceous unit within the dermis.

The sebaceous gland produces sebum, and is influenced by Corticotrophin-releasing hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the 5 pathological factors in acne development?

A
  1. Androgenic hormonal triggers
  2. Excessive sebum production
  3. Alteration in keratinization process
  4. Proliferation of propionbacterium acnes
  5. Inflammatory response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is a Closed Comedo?

A

White Head, a precursor to other acne lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is an open Comedo?

A

Blackhead, characterized by presence of melanin and oxidation of lipids upon air exposure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What factors may attribute to Acne?

A

Age, Gender, Genetics, Western Diet (high-glycemic load/milk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are the levels of the Acne Grade scale?

A 
0 = clear skin
1 = almost clear w/ no more than 1 inflammatory lesion
2 = mild w/ only a few inflammatory lesions (no nodules)
3 = 1 nodule
4 = a few Nodules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Non pharm therapy for treatment of Acne

A

Eliminate Exacerbating factors
Cleanse skin twice daily
Stay well hydrated
Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What Pharm therapies are used for treatment of Acne?

A 
Benzoyl Peroxide
Hydroxy Acid
Salicylic Acid
Sulfur
Sulfur/Resorcinol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How does Benzoyl Peroxide work against Acne?

A

Keratolytic, comedolytic and antibacterial properties against p. acnes. (may bleach clothing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How do hydroxy acids work against acne?

A

Keratolytic, they are naturally exfoliating (dont penetrate pilosebaceous unit to cause comedolytic effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How do Salicylic acids work against acne?

A

Comedolytic that is lipid soluble and able to pass through pilosebaceous unit to produce comedolytic effect. (may cause nausea, vomitting, dizziness, tinnitus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How does sulfur or Sulfur/Resorcinol work against Acne

A

Sulfur = keratolytic and antibacterial to resolve alreaedy formed comedomes
Resorcinol enhances effect of sulfur, functions as keratolytic, increasing cell turnover rate. (not effective monotherapy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What formulation is most effective in acne medications?

A

Gels (serve as astringents that stay on skin long)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What Cam therapies are often used for Acne?

A

Tea Tree Oil
Oral Zinc
Vitamin A (retinol)
Nicotinamide (B3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What features characterize Atopic Dermatitis?

A

Episodic flares and periods of remission
Genetic inheritance
typically develops in first year of childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What non-pharm treatment options exist for Atopic Dermatitis?

A

Skin Hydration
ID and elimination of triggers
Baths only 3-5min every other day (tepid water)
Keep fingernails short/clean
Moisturize w/ emolients at least x2 a day
Creams/ointments over lotions for skin hydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What Pharm therapy exists for Atopic Dermatitis? when should it be avoided?

A 
Hydrocortisone (go to)
Cream - preferred
Ointment - thick/lichenified skin
No ointments if weeping
Dont use on cracked skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are some CAMs for Atopic Dermatitis?

A

Probiotics (delay presentation)
Phototherapy
Coal tar
Wet Wraps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is the cause of dry skin?

A

disruption of keratinization or desquamation, can result from a systemic disorder such as hypothyroidism or dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are the symptoms/presentation of dry skin?

A

Rougness, scaling, loss of flexibility, fissures, inflammation and pruritus, platelike scaling, especially on arms/legs, and may have a cracked appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What non-pharm treatments exist for dry skin?

A

Colloidal oatmeal or bath oil
Oil based emolients immediately after bathing
Stay well hydrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What pharm therapy exists for dry skin?

A

Oil and water moisturizers

Severe cases = humecants: glycerin, urea, lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What do bath products generally consist of?

A

mineral oil or vegetable oil and a surfactant (mineral better absorbed than vege)

(make tub slippery, counsel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Why might glycerin soaps help with dry skin?

A

they are more water soluble, have a higher oil content which makes them less drying than most traditional products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

How do Emolients and moisturizers help treat dry skin?

A

they fill the space getween the desquamating skin cells, and prevent moisture from leaving skin surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What are some emolients used to treat dry skin?

A 
Ceramide (enhances skin protection)
Petroleum Jelly (Very greasy, no open wounds)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What are Humectants? How do they act?

A

Hydrating agents often added to emolient bases

They draw water into SC and hydrate skin. Most effective at lower concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are some common humectants in products that treat dry skin?

A

Glycerin, Propylene glycol, Urea, Phospholipids, Alpha Hydroxy Acids, Allantoin, Hydrocortisone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Which OTC anesthetics and other agents are used as antipruritics in treatment of dry skin?

A

Pramoxine
Lidocaine
Benzocaine

Camphor
Menthol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is the cause of dandruff? How is characterized?

A

Generally caused by Malassezia yeast species

Characterized by excessive epidermal cell turnover and an irregular keratin breakup pattern, 13-15 day turnover

80
Q

How should dandruff be treated?

A

Washing hair every other day w/ non-medicated shampoo

Medicated Shampoos:
Selenium Sulfide (leave 3-5min, then rinse repeatedly)

Sulfur:
Increases sloughing of cells/reduces corneocyte counts

81
Q

How might coal tar be effective in treating Dandruff?

A

Decreases epidermal turnover rate (may discolor hair/clothing)

82
Q

How does Seborrheic Dermatitis differ from Dandruff

A

SD: More inflammatory, yellow greasy scales, turnover is 9-10 days

Occurs in scalp, eyebrows, glabella, eyelid margins, cheeks, paranasal area, … etc

83
Q

How might you treat Seborrheic Dermatitis? what about infants?

A

Just like Dandruff

Infants - Baby Oil

84
Q

What is Psoriasis?

A

Chronic, inflammatory disease characterized by excessive scaling on raised plaques

85
Q

How is Psoriasis generally presented?

A

Usually symmetrical scaling (plaque most common)

Most commonly located on elbows, knees, lower back, scalp, ear and penis

86
Q

How is psoriasis generally treated non-pharm?

A

Avoid UV exposure and Skin trauma
Scale removal
Bathing w/ lubricating agents 2-3x a week

87
Q

What Pharm treatments can be used to psoriasis?

A

Ketoconazole - 2x a week up to 4 wks, (3 days between each use)

Salicylic Acid - decrease skin pH, increases keratin hydration and facilitates loosening/removal of plaques (7-10 days)

88
Q

What three pathogenic fungi are responsible for causing tinea infections?

A

Trichophyton
Microsporum
Epidermophyton

89
Q

How can fungal transmission occur?

A

Environmental contact, either Social custom or Climate

Contact w/ infected people, animals, soil or fomites

90
Q

What are the stages of Fungal Tinea Infection?

IERE

A

Incubation - grows into stratum corneum, minimals signs

Enlargement in which the fungal infection spreads (growth rate must exceed epidermal turnover rate)

Refractory period is when cell-mediated immunity has not fully developed, inflammation and pruritis at peak

Involution is when infection either clears, or presents with much less inflammation

Involution,

91
Q

How do Tinea Infections generally present?

A

ranges from mild itching to scaling to a severe, exudative inflamatory process leading to denuded skin, fissuring, crusting, and or discoloration of skin.

92
Q

What are the major forms of Tinea Infections?

A 
Tinea Pedis (foot)
Tinea Unguium (nails)
Tinea Corporis (body)
Tinea Cruris (jock)
Tinea Capitis (scalp)
93
Q

Can tinea infections be self treated?

A

Yes

94
Q

What product(s) may be used to improve appearance of nail during tinea unguium infection?

A

Calcium Carbonate and Urea

95
Q

How long does therapy against Tinea infections generally last?

A

2-4 weeks

96
Q

What non-pharm advice would you offer a patient regarding their Tinea infection?

A

Use a seperate towel for your infection
Dont share towels, wash immediately
Cleanse skin daily w/ soap and water, pat dry
Used foot powder to keep foot dry

97
Q

What drugs are effective against tinea infections?

A 
Butenafine Hydrochloride
Clioquinol
Clotrimazole
Haloprogin
Miconazole Nitrate
Terbinafine Hydrochlorde
Tolnaftate
98
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Clotrimazole and Miconazole Nitrate? How is it dosed?

A

inhibit biosynthesis of ergosterol, damaging fungal cell wall and altering its permeability. Dosed once per day

99
Q

What is Tolnaftate’s mechanism of action? How is dosed? What formulation? What makes it special?

A

Distorts Hyphae and shunts mycelial growth of fungi species
applied 2x a day for 2-4 weeks
Formulated as solution
Only product for prevention and treatment

100
Q

Why might astringents be helpful against Tinea Pedis? Example?

A

Dries out the foot, high enough concentrations might be antibacterial.

Salts of Aluminum -
Aluminum Acetate/Chloride

101
Q

What CAM therapies exist for Tinea infections?

A

Tea Tree Oil
Bitter Orange
Garlic

102
Q

What are the preferred formulations for Tinea infections?

A

Creams and solutions (first)

Powders

103
Q

What causes warts? What is the most common cause of warts on feet?

A

Human Papilloma Virus

HPV-1 most common for foot warts

104
Q

How do common warts generally present

A

generally skin-colored or brown, they are hyperkeratotic dome shaped papules with a rough cauliflower like appearance.

Often painless

105
Q

Is there a cure for HPV infection?

A

No but a vaccine exists

106
Q

Are warts contagious? How, non-pharmacologically, might you reduce spreading?

A

Yes, washing hands often, avoid cutting, shaving or pickin wart, keep clean and dry, use designated towels, and avoid sharing anything that may serve as a vector for transmission

107
Q

What self-pharmacologic drug therapy exist for warts?

A

Salicylic Acid (12-40%)

Cryotherapy (dimethyl-ether)

108
Q

What Cam therpaies may help against warts?

A 
Vitamin A
Dietary Zinc
Garlic
Essential Oils
Occlusion w/ Duct Tape
109
Q

What are Corns?

A

Small raised sharply demarcated hyperkeratotic lesion with a central core that is caused by pressure from underlying bone

Often seen from tight fitting shoes

110
Q

How are calluses different from Corns?

A

Indefinite borders

Have a broad base w/ relatively thick skin and are generally found on bottom of foot and sides of big toe

111
Q

How are corns/calluses treated non-pharm?

A

Daily soaking of affected area for at least 5min in warm water
Cushioning pads to relieve painful pressure
Silicon toe sleeves infused with mineral oil
Foam spacer or lamb wool
Proper footwear

112
Q

How are Corns/Calluses treated pharmacologically?

A

Salicylic Acid (0.5-40%)

usually applied in a collodion or collodion like vehicle w/ pyroxylin.

113
Q

What test is important in differentiation of different common vaginal infections?

A

pH
3.5-4.5 = Normal

> 4.5 = bacterial or trichomonal genital infection

114
Q

What factors may increase the likelihood of vaginal infections?

A 
Race
Diabetes
Antibiotics
Transplant recipient
Tight fitting clothes
115
Q

Recurrent VVCs are generally referred to as…? when does this usually occur?

A

Complicated

when a women experieces at least 4 documented infections in 1 year

116
Q

What non-pharm treatments exist for women with VVC?

A

Dietary/clothing/lifestyle changes (3-4 months)

  • Decreased consumption of sucrose and refined carbs
  • increased consumption of yogurts with live cultures
  • Avoid meds or contraceptives that cause fungal infection
117
Q

What pharm therapy exists for VVC?

A

Vaginal Antifungals

  • Butoconazole
  • Clotrimazole
  • Miconazole
  • Tioconazole

ADR: burning, itching, irritation more likely with first application

118
Q

When is self treatment not appropriate for those with VVC?

A
119
Q

What CAM therapies exist for VVC?

A 
Lactobacillus Preparations
Sodium Bicarbonate sitz bath
Tea Tree Oil
Gentian Violet
Boric Acid (No pregos)
120
Q

What characterized Atrophic Vaginitis?

A

Inflammation of the vagina related to atrophy of vaginal mucosa secondary to decreased estrogen levels

121
Q

What are the proposed causes of Atrophic Vaginitis?

A

Decreased ovarian estrogen from chemo or radiation
Anti-estrogenic drugs
Low-estrogen oral contraceptives also been known to cause AV

122
Q

What Condition is characterized by decreased vaginal lubrication as well as irritation, dryness, burning, itching, leukorrhea and dyspareunia associated with thin watery yellow malordorous vaginal discharge?

A

Atrophic Vaginitis

123
Q

What condition is characterized by white clumpy cottage cheese-like vaginal discharge assocated with redness, itching and burning?

A

VVC

Yeast Infection

124
Q

What condition is characterized by yellow/green frothy vaginal discharge associated with foul/fishy odor and increase in pH?

A

Trichomoniasis

125
Q

What non-pharm therapies can be used to treat AV?

A

Sexual arousal and Intercourse

126
Q

What pharm therapies can be used to treat AV?

A

Water soluble lubricants

127
Q

What factors may contribute to Dysmenorrhea?

A 
Menarche prior to 12
Heavy menstrual flow
Tobacco
Low fish consumption
BMI 30
Stress
Anxiety
Depression
128
Q

What is Primary Dysmenorrhea?

A

cramp like lower abdominal pain that typically occurs before menstruation
most seen between age 13-17 aged girls

affects 93% of young women

129
Q

What general treatment is recommended for Primary dysmenorrhea?

A

Vitamin D3 supplement
Fish Oil Supplement
Sleep, Hot baths, heating pads, Excercise

No smoking

130
Q

What systemic analgesics are most effective for treatment of primary Dysmenorrhea?

A

NSAIDS:

  • IBuprofen
  • Naproxen

switch to see which patient responds best to

131
Q

What factors characterize secondary dysmenorrhea?

A

Age: late 20s and Up
Menses: irregular, menorrhagia and metrorrhagia and change in pattern/duration
Pain: before, during or after menses, doesnt respond to NSAIDs

132
Q

Describe Premenstrual Syndrome and its symptoms

A

cyclic disorder composed of a combo between physical, emotional/mood, and behavioral symptoms that occur during luteal phase of menstrual cycle.

Symtpoms include:
Food cravings, emotional lability, irritability, lowered mood, breast tenderness, bloating, lower backache,

133
Q

What is PMDD?

A

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, a severe form of PMS in which symptoms disrupt social or occupational function. (school, work, social activities and relationships)

134
Q

What Non-pharm therapy may help PMS?

A

Aerobic Exercise
Diet modification
Cognitive/behavioral therapy
Light therapy/accupuncture/massage

135
Q

What pharm therapy may help PMS?

A

Pyridoxine - limit to 100mg daily
Calcium & Vitamin D - 600mg bid
Magnesium - 360mg qd during luteal phase
NSAIDs - to reduce heache/muscle joint aches
Diuretics - Alumnium Chloride, Caffeine, Pamabrom

136
Q

What is Toxic Shock Syndrom? what causes it? associated symptoms?

A

Caused by buildup Staph Aureus, it is from the proliferation of toxin producing bacteria and the release of TSST-1 toxin from use with high absorbency tampons, or uninterrupted use of tampons for at least a day.

symptoms: High fever, profound hyptension, severe diarrhea, mental confusion, renal failure, erythroderma, skin desquamation, malaise, myalgia, chills, vomitting

137
Q

What conditions promote toxin production by staph aureus?

A

Elevated protein levels
Neutral pH
elevated carbon dioxide levels
elevated oxygen levels

138
Q

How are most STIs spread? who is more at risk?

A

Contact with infected genital tissues, mucous membranes or body fluids

Both men and women at risk, women more likely to develop reproductive consequences.

139
Q

What vaccines are available for protection from HPV?

A

Gardasil

Cervarix

140
Q

How does the Hep B vaccine work?

A

inactivated injectable formulation with administration at months 0, 1 and 6.

141
Q

What are the most common general contraceptive methods?

A 
Condoms (male > female)
Fertility awareness
Coitus interruptus
Spermicides
Contraceptive Sponge
Oral contraceptives
Sterilization
142
Q

What are the differences in male vs female condoms

A 
Price (females greater)
Satisfaction (females lower)
structure (duh)
Noise (females squeak)
Material (male = latex, polyurethane, polyisoprene, lamb cecum; female = nitrile)
143
Q

What lubricants are safe to use with latex condoms?

A 
Contraceptive foams/gels
Water based lube
Egg whites
Glycerin
Replens Inserts
Saliva
Water
144
Q

What are some different fertility awareness methods for contraception?

A

Calendar method
Cervical Mucus Method
Symptothermal method

145
Q

What is Lactational Amenorrhea method?

A

Keep having kid suck tits, long as tits gettin sucked, can keep gettin fucked

146
Q

What is the 100% guaranteed contraceptive technique that is also 100% effective in preventing STIs?

A

Abstinence lol

147
Q

What are some effective emergency contraceptives and how should you counsel them?

A

Plan B
Levonogestrel containing tablets
Copper IUC

  • Take up to 120 hours following intercourse
  • Might not work if overweight
  • repeat dose if throwing up within 1-2 hours of taking
148
Q

What are the different types of Ostomy?

A

Ileostomy
Colostomy
Urostomy

149
Q

What is the location/discharge and reasons for Ileostomy?

A

Location: Ileum
Discharge: Liquid first, then semisoft
Reason: Ulcerative colitis, Crohns disease

150
Q

What is the location/discharge and reasons for Colostomy?

A

Location: Colon
Discharge: semi-soft to semi-solid
Reason: Cancer (colon/rectum), diverticulitis, trauma

151
Q

What is the location/discharge and reasons for urostomy?

A

Location: Ureters
Discharge: liquid… literally urine
Reason: diversion due to bladder loss/dysfunction, cancer, neurogenic bladder, genetic malformation, interstitial cystitis

152
Q

What non-pharm things should those with an ostomy be doing?

A

Cleaning of stoma/peristomal skin with plain water

remain on low fiber diet for first 6 weeks
normal diet otherwise

153
Q

What equipment is necessary for those with an ostomy?

A 
Adhesives
skin barriers
skin powders
skin pastes
irrigating sets
deodorizers
154
Q

What does a normal healthy stoma look like? What is number one concern in keeping a health stoma?

A

bright shiny pink stoma, regular looking peristomal skin

hygiene of stoma/peristoma

155
Q

What drugs may affect absorption and cause a change in stomal discharge?

A 
Antibiotics
Sulfa Drugs
Diuretics
Laxatives
Antacids
Herbal Agents
156
Q

What is the Dentate line? what does this line control?

A

a line that separates squamous epitherlium from columnar epithelium

Below line = pain
Above line = no discomfort

157
Q

What are the grades of Hemorrhoid Severity?

A

1st - enlarged but no prolapse
2nd - protrude but return spontaneously on defecation
3rd - protrude into anal canal, but must be returned to original position manually
4th - permanently prolapsed, cannot be reintroduced

158
Q

What symptoms accompany hemorrhoids?

A

Itching, discomfort, irritation, burning, soreness, inflammation, pain, dry anal tissue, swelling of perianal area

159
Q

When would you refer a hemorrhoid patient for medical attention?

A 
Abdominal Pain
Bleeding
Seepage
Change in bowel pattern
Prolapse
thrombosis
160
Q

What non-pharm recommendations should you make for someone with hemorrhoids?

A

Maintain fluid intake and well balanced high-fiber diet

Practice good perineal hygiene,

Practice proper bowel habits avoid prolonged sitting on toilet

Avoid lifting heavy objects, discontinue foods/substances that aggravate symptoms (caffeine, alcohol, citrus, spicy foods)

161
Q

What pharmacologic agents are effective in treating hemorrhoids?

A 
Local Anesthetics
Vasoconstrictors
Protectants
Astringents
Keratolytics
Analgesics
Corticosteroids
162
Q

What local anesthetics may be used to treat hemorrhoids?

A

Benzocaine, Benzyl Alcohol, Dibucaine, Dyclonine HCL, Lidocaine, Pramoxine HCL, Tetracaine

May mask more severe anorectal disorders

163
Q

What Vasoconstrictors may be used to treat hemorrhoids?

A

Ephedrine Sulfate
Phenylephrine

many poor side effects however

164
Q

How do protectants help treat hemorrhoids?

What products?

A

physical protective layer that softens anal canal and prevents fecal matter from irritating the perianal mucosa

AlOH gel, cocoa butter, glycerin, hard fat, kaolin, lanolin, mineral oil, white petrolatum, calamine, petrolatum, shark liver oil, zinc oxide, topical starch, cod liver oil

165
Q

How might astringents help hermorrhoids? ADR?

A

decrease cell volume, making area drier, relieving itch, irritation and burning

Witch Hazel may sting or cause contact dermatitis due to alcohol and oil in formulation

166
Q

How can Keratolytics treat Hemorrhoids? ADR?

A

Cause desquamation and debridement of epidermal surface cells, which reduces itching and inflammation

Repeated use may lead to: 
Methemoglobinemia
Exfoliative dermatitis
Death in infants
Myxedeme in adults
Tinnitus
167
Q

What external Analgesics/Antipruritics may be useful against hemorrhoids?

A

Menthol, Juniper Tar, Camphor

168
Q

Corticosteroids may take up to how long to produce what effect against hemorrhoids?

A

up to 12 hours to produce vasoconstriction and antipruritic action

169
Q

What are the symptoms indicating a pinworm infection?

A

perianal/perineal itch especially at night

severe symptoms:
ab pain, insomnia, anorexia, diarrhea, intractable local itching

170
Q

What is the most common route of pinworm infection?

A

direct anus to mouth transfer by fingers or fomites

  • re-infection can happen a lot if eggs under fingernails
171
Q

what Non pharm therapy exists for treatment of pinworms?

A 
Hygiene (fingernails, washing)
UV and sunlight
Washing Linens/Clothes
Bathing/showering daily
Change underwear, nightclothes and bedsheets daily for several days
Clean pets
Clean/Vacuum 
reduce overcrowding
172
Q

What is the only non-Rx pharm treatment for pinworm infections?

A

Pyrantel Pamoate, which has a 90-100% cure rate when used for enterbiasis, it paralyzes adult worms causing them to be passed in stool before then can lay their eggs.

11mg/kg dose
repeat dose in 2 weeks if unresolved.

173
Q

What should be done if helminthic infection occurs?

A

medical referral

174
Q

What is the pregnancy risk for Pyrtantel Pamoate

A

Risk C, only use when benefit outweighs risk

175
Q

What are general non-pharm treatment for insect bites?

A

Avoid insects

Use insect repellant

176
Q

What effective ingredient is within most insect repellants?

A

N,N-diethyl-m-Toluamide (DEET)

177
Q

What natural products may be useful as insect repellants?

A

Citronella, Lemon Eucalyptus Oil, Soybean oil, cedar oil, lavendar oil, tea Tree Oil, Garlic Thiamin

178
Q

What pharmacologic products may be useful for treating an insect bite/sting?

A 
Local Anesthetics
Topical Antihistamines
Counterirritants
Hydrocortisone
Skin Protectants
179
Q

What is the general treatment approach in treating insect stings?

A

Remove stinger and apply ice in 10min intervals followed by application of local anesthetic, skin protecant, antiseptic or counterirritant

Injectable epinephrine if severe hypersensitivity

180
Q

What are the different types of lice?

A 
Head Lice 
Body Lice (Cooties)
Pub Lice (Crabs)
181
Q

What non-pharm therapy is affective for treating lice?

A

Combing, avoid direct physical contact, clean literally everything ever

Shave

182
Q

How would Pyrethrin be applied to treat Lice?

A

Use on dry hair once per day then rinse after 10min for 7-10 days

183
Q

How would Permethrin be applied to treat lice?

A

Used on recently wet hair for 10min then comb for lice

184
Q

What Cam therapies are effective for treatment of lice?

A

Tea tree oil and Lavendar applied 2x a day

185
Q

What conditions may contribute to Urinary Incontinence?

A 
Lack of estrogen
Prostatic enlargement
Obesity
Chronic Cough
Jarring Exercise
186
Q

What is Transient UI?

A

Sudden onset of UI usually due to acute illness or disease that causes acute confusion or immobility which prevents people from reaching toilet

187
Q

What is Chronic UI?

A

neurological or other chronic condition that obscures intrinsic sphincter such as BPH or cystocele.

188
Q

what is OAB?

A

Overactive Bladder, is characterized by sudden and profound urinary urgency accompanied by urge incontinence due to detrusor muscle instability

189
Q

What is Stress Incontinence?

A

Characterized by involuntary leakage of urine with sudden increase in abdominal pressure associated with sneezing, laughing, coughing, exercising, lifting, etc.

190
Q

What is Overflow incontinence?

A

Over distention of bladder, due to either outlet obstruction or under active bladder detrusor muscle.

191
Q

What is mixed incontinence?

A

Consists of combination of OAB and stress incontinence

192
Q

What is functional incontinence?

A

when a person lacks physical or cognitive ability to reach a toilet in time or perform toileting tasks

193
Q

What non-Pharm treatments are useful in decreasing frequency of UI?

A

Behavior Techniques:
Toileting assistance
Bladder Training
Pelvic Floor Muscle training

194
Q

What pelvic floor muscle training techniques/tools are used in inhibiting UI?

A 
Knack Maneuver
Kegels
Radiofrequency treatment
Neocontrol Pelvic therapy
Mechanical Pressure
195
Q

What pharm options may be used for reducing UI?

A 
Anticholinergics - oxytrol patch 
Alpha Agonists - Pseudoephedrine
Topical Vaginal Estrogen 
Duloxetine or Imipramine
Alpha 1 - Antagonists (BPH)
196
Q

When would an ointment formulation be preferred?

A

When a moist wound environment is required (unbroken skin)

197
Q

What formulation would work best on weeping/broken skin?

A

Gels (astringents)

Spring P1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions