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Spring P1 > Pharm 736 Exam 1 > Flashcards

Pharm 736 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Nervous System Divisions

A

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

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2
Q

Somatic Nervous system Functions

A

Innervation of Striated (skeletal) muscle
Control of voluntary movement
No ganglia between spinal cord and target muscle

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3
Q

Autonomic Nervous System functions

A

Innervation of smooth muscle, glands, organs, blood vessels, fat skin, etc.
Involuntary control of bodily functions (respiration, BP, secretions, body Temp, digestion, HR)

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4
Q

Sympathetic Division of ANS

SNS

A

Innervation which produces an excited state
Fight, Flight, Fright response
coordinated activation to prepare body for exertion/trauma
Adrenal Medulla functions like a sympathetic ganglion but releases epinephrine into bloodstream

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5
Q

Parasympathetic division of ANS

PNS

A

Innervation producing a relaxed state
Rest and Digest responses
Target organs activated as they are needed

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6
Q

Location of cell’s Soma in Somatic, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems.

A

Somatic: Cell bodies located in the spinal cord.

Sym/Para: Cell bodies in Spinal cord and Ganglion

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7
Q

Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are _______ compared to ganglionic cell bodies.

A

Longer

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8
Q

Sympathetic ganglionic cell bodies are _______ compared to post-ganglionic neurons

A

shorter

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9
Q

What NT is used for both parasympathetic and Somatic Innervation?

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

what types of receptors are used in the Parasympathetic system?

A 
Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor (ion channel)
Muscarinic Receptor (GpCR)
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11
Q

What type of receptors are used in the somatic system?

A

Muscular Nicotinic Receptor (ion channel)

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12
Q

what type of receptors are used in the Sympathetic system?

A

Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors (ion channel)

alpha and beta Adrenergic Receptors (GpCR)

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13
Q

Where is Acetylcholine released and what by within the PNS?

A

Nerve terminals of Neurons originating from Spinal Cord

Neurons from ganglion in parasympathetic system.

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14
Q

Where is Norepinephrine released and what by?

A

Released by postganglionic neurons in Sympathetic

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15
Q

Where is Epinephrine released and what by?

A

Epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla into general circulation

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16
Q

Why is Dopamine important for SNS?

A

It is a precursor to Norepinephrine and Epinephrine in SNS

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17
Q

What are Catecholamines?

A

They are catechol ring structures with an attached amine, that include EPI, NE and Dopamine.
They are a subset of neurotransmitters known as biogenic amines including histamine, serotonin and melatonin.

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18
Q

Organs and responses during Parasympathetic Innervation

A 
All - Basal tone
Heart - Slow down HR
Lung - constrict bronchioles
Stomach - increase secretion
Intestine - Increase motility
Colon/Bladder - Empty
Eye - normal
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19
Q

What are the Organs and responses during Sympathetic innervation

A 
Heart - Speed HR
Lungs - Dilate Bronchioles
Stomach - Decrease secretion
Adrenal Gland - Release Adrenaline
GI - Decrease Motility
Colon/Bladder - Delay Emptying
Eye - Pupil Dilation (Mydriasis)
20
Q

Adrenergic Receptors (type) and Subtypes

A

(G-protein coupled receptors)
alpha-1 (A,B,C)
alpha-2 (A,B,C)
Beta (1,2,3)

21
Q

What are the G protein type, Effector Enzymes, and 2nd messengers for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors?

A

Gaq
Increased Phospholipase C-Beta enzymes
Increase IP3, DAG and Ca2+

22
Q

What is the G protein type, Effector Enzymes, and 2nd messengers for alpha-2 adrenergic receptors?

A

Gai
Decreased Adenyl Cyclase, Increased K+ channels
Decrease cAMP

23
Q

What is the G Protein Type, Effector Enzymes, and 2nd messengers for Beta adrenergic receptors

A

Gas
Increased Adenylyl Cyclase
Increase cAMP and Increased Ca2++ (heart)

24
Q

Baroreflex Pathway Cardiac Effects Key Points

A

If BP increases then HR decreases

If BP decreases then HR increases

25
Q

Baroreflex Pathway Vascular Effects Key points

A

Signals from pathway change the tone of the major blood vessels in compensation for changes in BP

26
Q

Chronic Application of Agonists will result in? Full vs Partial?

A
  • Desensitization, cells attempt to avoid overstimulation by blocking ability of receptor.
  • Partial agonists tend to cause very little receptor desensitization compared to full.
27
Q

Long term usage of antagonists use may result in?

A

Supersensitization, up-regulation of receptors makes the subject more sensitive to agonists.

28
Q

Why are Beta Blocker users at risk for heart attack immediately following therapy cessation?

A

Supersensitization of cells, increased likelihood for two weeks following cessation.

29
Q

Describe PNS and SNS cooperation Sweating and Pulmonary Secretions

A

Sweating

  • PNS controls generalized hydration of skin
  • SNS responsible for localized cholinergic sweating in palms, underarms

Pulmonary Secretions

  • PNS controls mucus secretions in lungs
  • SNS controls water secretions in lungs
30
Q

Male Sexual Response in Autonomic Nervous System

A

Point (Erection) - PNS

Shoot (Ejaculation) - SNS

31
Q

Organs/Tissues exclusively controlled by SNS include:

A

Blood Vessels (sympathetic innervation)
Kidney (vasoconstriction and renin secretion)
Liver (Glycogenolysis, fat cell lipolysis)
Skeletal Muscle METABOLISM

32
Q

Describe Cardiac Signal Transduction Pathway (Beta)

A

Increased cAMP signals Phospho Kinase A, which signals troponin to cause contraction with Ca2+

33
Q

Describe Smooth Muscle Signal Transduction (alpha-1)

A

Increased IP3 causes ER to release Ca2+ which binds to Calmodulin and activates the Myosin Light chain Kinase to trigger myosin to contract

34
Q

Describe Receptor Regulation in desensitization

A

Stimulatory hormone activates Gprotein (Gas) receptor which signals GRKinase by Gbetagamma which causes other receptors to produce Arrestin, which stops the receptor response.

35
Q

alpha-1 (Gaq) receptor locations/Function

A

Blood Vessels/Vasculature in dermal, GI, Renal, bladder and nasal membranes (not skeletal/heptic)
- Constriction, Increased peripheral resistance, increased diastolic BP

Eye
- Contraction of radial Muscles –> Mydriasis

Bladder/GI Sphincters
- Constrict sphincters, decrease outflow

36
Q

alpha-2 (Gai) Receptor Locations/Functions

A

Eye
- Decrease production of aqueous humor

Pancreatic Islet
- Decrease Insulin release, increased blood glucose

Presynaptic nerve terminals
- Neurotransmiiter release

CNS/Brainstem
- Decreased BP, Inhibit Baroreflex

Spinal Cord
- Inhibit Pain Transmission

Nasal Vasculature
- Constriction

37
Q

Beta-1 (Gas) receptor locations/functions

A

Heart
- Inc HR , Contractility & force –> inc cardiac output

Kidney
- Inc Renin Secretion –> vasoconstriction

Eye
- Inc Production of Aqueous humor

38
Q

Beta-2 (Gas) receptor locations/functions

A

Hepatic and Skeletal Muscle/Vascular Smooth muscle
- Relaxation, Inc blood flow to liver/skeletal muscle

Pulmonary smooth muscle
- Relaxation –> inc airflow

GI long smooth muscle
- Relaxation –> decreased motility

Bladder detrusor muscle
- Relaxation –> Decrease outflow

Pregnant Uterus (myometrium)
- Relaxation

Skeletal Muscle
- Inc Glycogenolysis, Inc K+ uptake

Mast Cells
- Decrease Granulation

Pancreas
- Inc Glucagon Secretion

Liver
- Glycogenolysis

Eye
- Inc production of aqueous humor

39
Q

Beta-3 (Gas) Receptor Location and Function

A

Fat

- Lipolysis (complex process)

40
Q

Adrenergic Presynaptic Nerve Terminal transporters include:

A

Norepinephrine transporter
alpha-2 adrenergic receptor (autoreceptor)
Ca2++ channel
K+ Channel

41
Q

Support Cell plays what role at the synaptic cleft?

A

contains reuptake II which is a non selective receptor with a very high capacity.

42
Q

What enzyme converts Tyrosine to DOPA?

A

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

H2O and Dihydrobiopferin as byproduct

43
Q

What enzyme converts DOPA to Dopamine?

A

Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase (AADC)

CO2 as byproduct

44
Q

What enzyme converts Dopamine to Norepinephrine?

A

Dopamine B-hydroxylase (DBH)

H20 dehydroascorbic acid as byproduct

45
Q

Where and what is norepinephrine further converted into and by what enzyme?

A

Epinephrine in the Adrenal Gland
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme
Homocysteine as byproduct

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