Practice #1 Flashcards
What are the ligands for NOD(NLR)?
Intracellular PRR for bacterial peptidoglycans
What are the ligands for CLR?
C type lectin transmembrane receptors:
MR mannose receptor on macrophages and DC recognize microbial carbohydrates, glucans
What are the ligands for RIG1?
Intracellular PRR for viral RNAs
What are the ligands for TLR2?
Cell surface receptor
- Bacterial peptidoglycan (lipopeptides, glycolipids, proteolipids)
- LTA
- Hemagglutinin in viruses
What are the ligands for TLR5?
Cell surface receptor
- Flagellin
What are the ligands for TLR4?
Cell surface receptor
- LPS
- HSP of bacteria and host
- Fibrinogen of host
- Heparan sulfate of host
- hyaluronic acid of host
What are the ligands for TLR2/6?
Cell surface receptor
- Fungal zymogen
- LTA
What are the ligands for TLR1/2?
Cell surface receptor
- Bacterial lipopeptides
- GPI anchor proteins (parasites)
What are the ligands for TLR3?
Endosomal receptor
- Viral dsRNA
What are the ligands for TLR7?
Endosomal receptor
- Viral ssRNA
What are the ligands for TLR8?
Endosomal receptor
- Viral ssRNA
What are the ligands for TLR9?
Endosomal receptor
- Viral and bacterial CpG islends on the DNA
What receptors induce phagocytosis of the APC?
All except TLR
What is the signaling function upon activation of TLR?
Activation of NFkappaB, AP1 and IRF3
What does PRRs recognize? in general?
PAMP and DAMP
What does BCR recognize?
Antigen epitopes (conformational epitopes)
What does TCR recognize?
Processed peptides of the epitope presented on an MHC molecule (linear epitopes)
Traits of the adaptive immune response?
- Specificity (recognition of 1 epitope by 1 lymphocyte)
- Sensitivity (small amount of antibodies are usually enough to eliminate the pathogen)
- Selectivity (the antigen “selects” the receptor of the bestlymphocyte)
- Memory
Examples for DAMPs
ROS, nucleic acids, HSP, enzymes, F-actin, intracellular enzymes
What happens if the bone marrow is damaged?
Pancytopenia and severe infections may occur
Whathappens if the thymus is removed surgically?
Lowered peripheral T cell population
Cell population in the different parts of the lymph node
Cortex: B cells and macrophages Follicles: Bcells Germinal center: Proliferating B cells, fDC, plasma cells, macrophages Paracortex: T cells, DC Medulla: Plasma cells, macrophages
What happens if the spleen is removed or in sickle cell anemia?
The patient become moreprone to infections caused by encapsulated bacteria due to decreased number of memory cells
