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Immunology final > Lectue #8 > Flashcards

Lectue #8 Flashcards

1
Q

Extra cellular bacteria

-Innate immunity

A

Complement (MAC and opsonization)
Phagocytosis
NETosis

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2
Q

Extra cellular bacteria

-Adaptive immunity

A

B cell activation IgM at the beginning,
then isotype switching by Th2 to IgG or IgA
-Mucosal immunity IgA provide neutralization
-Interstitial immunity IgM and IgG provide neutrilization, opsonization and complement activation

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3
Q

Extra cellular bacteria

-Tissue injury

A

Directly by endo and exotoxins

Indirectly by complement activation

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4
Q

Extra cellular bacteria

-Evading the immune system

A

Antigentic variations
Sialic acid capsule
Extra cellular vesicles
IgA protease

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5
Q

Extra cellular bacteria

-Peripheral blood shows

A

-Neutrophilia
In severe infections even “left shift” when premature neutrophils are secreted

-Procalcitonin

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6
Q

Intacellular bacteria

-Innate immunity

A

NKC can be activated directly or by IL12 from macrophages and neutrophils

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7
Q

Intacellular bacteria

-Adaptive immunity

A

Th1 activating macrophages and Tc mediated immunity

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8
Q

Intacellular bacteria

-Tissue injury

A

Due to macrophage activation and granuloma formation

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9
Q

Intacellular bacteria

-Evading the immune system

A

Unaccessible to complement and antibodies since they are intracellular
Inhibition of phagolysosome formation
Hemolysin secretion

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10
Q

Intacellular bacteria

-Peripheral blood shows

A

Lymphocytosis and monocytosis

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11
Q

Parasites

-Innate immunity

A

Resistant to complement system
Macrophages can phagocytose protozoa but not helminths
Eosinophils are the main source of immunity
- Cytotoxic cation proteins: EPO peroxidase, ECP cationic pr, EDN derived neurotoxin, MBP major basic pr
- Cytokines and chemokines:
IL3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 18 IFN gamma, GM-CSF, TGFalpha/beta, VEGF, TNF alpha, eotaxin
- Leukotrienes: LTC4, D4, E4, PAF
- Neuromediators: SP, VIP

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12
Q

Parasites

-Adaptive immunity

A

IgE Ab
Activation of Th1 and macrophages
Tc for protozoa that survive inside macrophages

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13
Q

Parasites

-Tissue injury

A

Due to the stimulation of Th1 cells by parasites in the liver - macrophages - granuloma formation

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14
Q

Parasites

-Evading the immune system

A

Can survive and replicate within the cells
Cyst formation
Tegmentum (capsule like structure)
Certain helminths can activate M2 by cytokine mimicing
or induce DC to activate Treg by polysaccharide secretion

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15
Q

Parasites

-Peripheral blood shows

A

Eosinophilia with high IgE

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16
Q

Fungi

-Innate immunity

A

Mainly neutrophils, DC and macrophages

DC will secrete IL23 inducing Th17 and ILC

17
Q

Fungi

-Adaptive immunity

A

Th17 Th1

18
Q

Fungi

-Tissue injury

A

Macrophage activation, neutrophil degranulation

19
Q

Fungi

-Evading the immune system

A

None

20
Q

Fungi

-Peripheral blood shows

A

Neutrophilia and in chronic cases monocytosis

21
Q

Viruses

-Innate immunity

A

IFN production
1. IFN alpha: by leukocytes as well as by infected cells
2. IFN beta: by fibroblasts as well as by infected cells
IFN alpha and beta signals for the neighboring cells to become virus resistant
3. INF gamma: by NKC (ILC1)

22
Q

Viruses

-Adaptive immunity

A

Th2 induce isotype switching of B cells to IgG and neutralization
Th1
Tc

23
Q

Viruses

-Tissue injury

A

By the virus and by cytotoxic T cells

24
Q

Viruses

-Evading the immune system

A

Antigenic variations (structural plasticity)
-Antigen drift: slight antigen change (few AA substitution)
-Antigen shift: major antigen change (new gene)
Immunosuppression
-MHC modulation: HIV by Nef protein EBV by B2LF2
- Elimination of CTL: by inverting Fas-FasL

25
Q

Viruses

-Peripheral blood shows

A

Lymphocytosis (in hepatitis also mononucleosis)

26
Q

Hyper IgM syndrome

A

Inability to switch IgM to other classesdue to lack of CD40L on the T cells
Recurrent pyogenic infections will occur

27
Q

Selective IgA deficiency

A

Deficiency in serum IgA

28
Q

Chronig granulomatous disease

A

Deficiency in NADPH oxidase in neutrophils

29
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome caused by HIV infection
The virus targets CD4+ cells
Its membrane id derived from the host consists of GP160 GP120 GP41

Immunology final (24 decks)

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