Practical Modules 1-3 Flashcards
Primary Literature
- The original publication of peer-reviewed research
- Usually written by scientists who carried out the research
Secondary Source
- Another person’s interpretation of primary research
- Ex: critiques, summarizations of the findings in a review, or a report of said advances in an article
Scientific Hypothesis
- A causal explanation of a natural phenomenon
- Testable: can be tested, not hypothesis if it cannot be tested
- Falsifiable: If not always true, can be proven false
Independent Variable and Dependent Variable
- IV: Variables not changed by other variables
- DV: Manipulated or measured between control and experimental group
- Ex: Height= IV, Jumping distance= DV
Eukaryotic Cell
- Have membrane-enclosed organelles
- Nucleus
- Both have plasma membrane and genetic material
Prokaryotic Cell
- Do not have membrane-enclosed organelles
- No nucleus, has DNA though
- Replicate as quickly as they can
What are the two main fibers found in the extracellular matrix of areolar connective tissue? What are their functions?
- Collagen fibers (large white fibers)
- Elastic fibers (smaller, dark fibers)
- Create stretch
- Both make up the extracellular matrix
Cytoplasmic Streaming
- The moving of chloroplasts in a plant cell in response to light
- Acess to light= photosynthesis (create energy and O2
- Chloroplasts moved in elodea leaf
Ocular Lens
- Nearest to your eye when you are looking through the microscope at a specimen
- 1 ocular= monocular, 2=binocular
- Can be adjusted using interpupillary adjustment (pulling them apart or pushing them together)
- 10X magnification
- Pointer= black line that points at specimen
Objective Lens
- Closest to the specimen
- 3 or 4 arranged on a rotating nose piece
- Rotating leads to different lens of diff magnification on specimen
- 4x. 10x, 43x, 100x
- Total mag= ocular x objective magnification
Body Tube
- Part of microscope between oculars and objectives
- Light travels through specimen, through objectives, through tube, and to your eyes through ocular lens
Mechanical stage
- the platform on which the slide is placed
- Moved by means of two small knobs under the stage
- One moves it left and right, the other moves it up and down
Substage
- Area under the stage
- Iris diaphragm: opens and closes like an eye to regulate amount of light that hits specimen (move level back and forth)
- Condenser: Focuses light by a knob that moves it up and down
Base
- The bottom of the microscope that sits on table
- Holds the illuminator (light source)
- Intensity can be changed using dial on the left side of base (1-10)–> set at 1 before turning it on
Arm
- Connects the body tube to the stage and bade
- Focusing knobs:
- Larger: coarse focus– find specimen
- Smaller: fine focus–bring object into focus
- At greater than 10x objective, always use fine focus instead of coarse (don’t want to hit slide)
- Move out of mag if can’t find it and use coarse
Field of view and depth of field
- Field of view: Horizontal plane visible at certain magnification
- Depth of field: Vertical direction in focus at one time
- As magnification becomes higher, field of view and depth of view decrease
What type of cells line the inner passageways and outer coverings of your body?
-Epithelial cells
What type of stain did we use to stain cheek cells? What structures of a cell is it good at staining?
- Methylene Blue
- Good at staining the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
In vital staining, what types of cells or tissues are being stained?
-Live cells or tissues
What type of organism is the gene for green fluorescent protein derived from?
-A jellyfish
What is the function of the guard cells?
- Change their shape to open and close the stomata
- Surrounds stomata
What substances move through the stomata when they are open?
-Allow for gas exchange and water evaporation
How do crypts and trichomes function in reducing water loss from plant leaves?
- Crypts: help prevent water loss when the stomata are open by creating a humid environment (evaporation not as great)
- Trichomes: hairs in crypt, slow evaporation
Why do plants have the ability to close stomata via the guard cells?
-To prevent water loss
What specializations do water lilies have for living in an aquatic environment?
- Stomata in upper epidermis to reach air for gas exchange
- More spongy mesophyll: stay buoyant
Cellular Respiration
- Function: converts glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy)
- Occurs in mitochondria
- Relates to gas exchange at cellular and organism level because O2 is exchanged with CO2
Photosynthesis
- Function: Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy–> Oxygen, glucose
- Carried out by chloroplasts
- Reaction: light reactions and Calvin cycle
- Relates to gas exchange at the cellular and organismal level because light reactions produce O2 and Calvin cycle uses CO2 to create energy
Light Reactions
- Capture energy from sunlight
- Water is split to release electrons, producing O2
Calvin Cycle
-CO2 and energy-containing compounds from the light reactions are used to create glucose
BioChamber Experiment
- In a light environment, the spinach leaves will perform photosynthesis, making the CO2 levels in the environment decrease (Calvin Cycle) and O2 levels will increase (light reactions)
- In the dark environment, the CO2 levels will increase due to cellular respiration
Basic Components of Scatterplot and Bar graphs
- X axis (independent variable)
- Y axis (dependent variable)
- Proper units on bother axes
- BG: average values for certain parts of x-axis
- Ex: average height for different genders
- NO CHART TITLE– figure caption instead*
- SP: displays trends using individual points
- Trendline (y=mx+b equation) and r^2 value (strength of relationship)
Types of graphs
- Pie chart (parts of a whole)
- Bar graph (averages)
- Qualitative data (categorical),
- Line graph (changes over time)
- Scatter plot (individual points)
- Quantitative pieces of data
What role do predictions play in designing experiments?
- Follow up of the hypothesis
- Guides the design of experiments or observational studies
- Predictions are tested
Calibrating Ocular Micrometer
- Each line of ocular micrometer is 10 ocular units
- Line it up with mm
- mm/ocular units= calibration
- Ex: .5mm= 50 ocular units–> 1 ocular unit= .01 mm
What is the difference between mammalian erythrocytes and erythrocytes of other vertebrates? What is their primary function?
- Mammalian RBCs have no nucleus, other vertebrates have nucleus in RBCs
- No nucleus= more hemoglobin to transport more oxygen
- Function= to transport oxygen throughout body
How do Volvox and Scendedesmus obtain energy, and with what structure do they do so?
-Obtain energy from sun in their chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
Scenendesmus
- Unicellular
- Lives in colonies
- Non-motile (doesn’t move)
Chlamydomonas
-Has flagella–> moves
Volvox
- Multicellular
- Daughter cells= dots inside cell, darker
- Reproduce asexually through cell division
- Somatic cells= incapable of reproduction, bigger cell
- Cilia= helps it move
Human Blood Smear
- Fragment/ little dots: platelets
- Dark spots with circles inside: white blood cells, have nucleus
- Lighter: red blood cells, no nucleus
