Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
Cohesion
- Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding
- Helpful when fighting gravity to transport water through plants
Adhesion
- Water molecules being attracted to the cell walls in things such as plants
- Helpful when fighting gravity to transport water through plants
Surface Tension
- Water molecules are hydrogen bonded to each other, but not the air above
- Makes it very difficult to stretch or break water droplets
Moderation of Temperature by Water
-Absorbing heat from air that is warmer, releasing the stored heat into air that is cooler
Temperature
-AVERAGE KE of molecules in a body of matter, independent of volume
Thermal Energy
- KE associated w/ random movement of atoms or molecules
- Total kinetic energy, dependent on volume
- When transferred from one body of matter to another= heat
Calorie
- cal
- The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree C
Kilocalorie
- 1,000 calories
- Quantity of heat required to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree C
Water’s High Specific Heat
- Water’s specific heat= 1 Calorie
- Water’s high specific heat makes it change temperature less than other substances
- Traced back to hydrogen bonds
- Heat absorbed= hydrogen bonds break
- Heat lost= hydrogen bonds form
Specific Heat
- How well a substance resists changing its temp when it absorbs or releases heat
- The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree C
Evaporative Cooling
- As a liquid evaporates, the surface of that liquid that remains cools down
- Happens because the molecules w/ the greatest KE leave (hottest ones)
Heat of Vaporization
-The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from a liquid to a gaseous state
Emergent Properties of Water
- Moderation of Temperature
- Cohesion
- Floating Ice on Liquid Water
- Water as a solvent for life
Floating Ice on Liquid Water
- Ice (solid)= less dense than its liquid form, water
- Water molecules expand instead of contracting when frozen
- Water freezes because molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds
Water as a Solvent
- Water= a good solvent because of hydrogen bonds
- Ex: When dissolving salt, hydrogen cations are attracted to chloride anions and oxygen anions are attracted to sodium cations
Solution
-A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
Solvent
- The dissolving agent of a solution
- Ex: water
Solute
-The substance that is dissolving
Aqueous Solution
-Solution where solvent= water
Hydration Shell
-The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
Hydrophilic Substances
-Any substance that likes water, will SOMETIMES dissolve
Hydrophobic Substances
- Nonionic/nonpolar substances (can’t create hydrogen bonds), repel water
- Ex: Vegetable oil
Molecular Mass
-The sum of all the masses of the atoms in a molecule
Mole (mol)
- 6.02x10^23
- Avagadro’s number
- 1 mole= 1 dalton
Molarity
-The number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Equation: A x B= C x D
When a water molecule loses a proton/ hydrogen ion, what happens?
- A hydroxide ion is made (OH-)
- OH- is basic
What happens when a water molecule gains an extra proton/hydrogen ion?
- Hydronium ion (H3O+) is made
- Also known simply as H+, acidic
PH scale
-Less than 7= acidic
-More than 7= basic
=7 is neutral
-Ex: Water
Organic Chemistry
- The study of carbon compounds
- Range from simple to complex
Abiotic Synthesis
- Organic compounds arising from nonliving things
- Thought to be an early stage in the origins of life
- Demonstrated by Stanley Miller and Harold Ureg’s experiments
Spontaneous Generation
-Living organisms come from non-living organisms
Ex: Maggots from meat, come from rotten meat, but really came from flies
Carbon’s Emergent Properties
- Can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
- Due to carbon’s four valence electrons, creates single or double covalent bonds
- Simple or large, complex moleculed
- Variation in carbon skeletons is one important source of molecular complexity and diversity that characterizes living matter
Hydrocarbons
- Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
- Hydrophobic
- Undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy
Isomers
- Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures
- Leads to different properties
- 3 Types: Structural, cis-trans, enantiomers
Structural Isomers
- Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
- May also differ in the location of their double bonds
Cis-Trans Isomers
- Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but atoms differ in spatial arrangements due to double bonded carbons
- Cis= same side of DB
- Trans= opposite side DB
Enantiomers
- Isomers that are mirror images of each other due to asymmetrical carbon
- Left handed vs right handed version of molecule
Functional Groups
- Chemical groups involved directly in chemical reactions
- Each has certain properties such as shape and charge, which cause it to participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way
- 7 groups:
- Hydroxyl
- Carbonyl
- Carboxyl
- Amino
- Phosphate
- Methyl
- Sulfhydrl
Hydroxyl
- Written (-OH)
- Polar due to electronegative oxygen
- Forms hydrogen bonds with water
- Compound name: alcohol
Carbonyl
- Written (C=O)
- Sugars with ketone groups called ketoses
- Those with aldehydes are called aldoses
- Compound name: Ketone or aldehyde
Carboxyl
- Written (-COOH)
- Acts as an acid
- Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
Amino
- Written (-NH2)
- Acts as a base
- Compound name: Amine
Phosphate
- Written (-OPO3^2-)
- Contributes to negative charge
- When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy
- Compound name: Organic phosphate
Methyl
- Written (-CH3)
- Affects the expression of genes and shape and function of sex hormones
- Compound name: Methylated compound
Sulfhydryl
- Written (-SH)
- Two SH groups can react, forming a “crosslink” that helps stabilize protein structure”
- Compound name: Thiol
Adenosine Triphospahte (ATP)
- Important organic phosphate
- Consists of organic molecule adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
- Stores potential to react w/ water
- Releases energy that can be used by the cell
Evolution
- The process of change over time that has resulted in the astounding array of organisms found on Earth
- Adaptations are the result of this
- Accounts for unity and diversity of life
Properties of Life
- Order
- Energy Processing
- Evolutionary Adaptation
- Regulation
- Growth and Development
- Response to environment
- Reproduction
Reductionism
- Method that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
- Provides an incomplete view of life on Earth
Levels of Organization
- Biosphere
- Ecosystems
- Communities
- Populations
- Organisms
- Organs
- Tissues
- Cells
- Organelles
- Molecules
Biosphere
- All life on Earth and all the places where life exists
Ecosystems
- All living things in a particular area, along with all the non-living components of the environment which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light
Ex: North American meadow in the mountains
Communities
- The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
- Group of populations
- Ex: In the meadow are different plants, animals, mushrooms, microorganisms
Populations
- All the individual species living within the bounds of a specific area
Ex: The meadow has a population of dandelions
Organism
- Individual living things
Ex: A single dandelion in a population of dandelions
Organs
- A body part made up of multiple tissues w/ a specific function
Ex: heart, lungs
Tissues
- A group of cells w/ specialized function
Ex: cardiovascular tissue
Cells
- Smallest , fundamental unit of structure and function
- Types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
- Cell theory: all living organisms are made of cells
Organelles
- The various functional components present in cells
Ex: Chloroplast
Molecules
- A chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms
Ex: Chlorophyll in chloroplast
Emergent Properties
-At the molecular level, novel properties emerge at each new level
Ex: Photosynthesis takes place in a chloroplast, but not in chlorophyll (organelle vs. molecules)
Systems Biology
- A holistic approach to define the complexity of biological components
- Understanding that the networks of whole living organisms are more than the sum of their parts
- Used to fully explore emergent properties
Structure and Function
- Correlation between structure and function
- Cells= basic unit of organisms structure and function
Eukaryotic Cells
- Cells that contain membrane-enclosed organelles, nucleus
- Found in plants and animals
Prokaryotic
- Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles
- Smaller than eukaryotic
DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Chromosomes–> DNA–> genes -Made up of 2 long chains called strand, engaged in a double helix
- Each strand is made up of 4 types of nucleotides: A, T, C, and G
Genes
- Each section of the DNA of a chromosome
- Units of inheritance
- Establish a cell’s identity and function
Gene Expression
-The entire process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product
Genome
-The entire library of genetic instructions that organisms inherit
Proteomics
-The study of sets of proteins and their properties
Proteome
-The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism
Producers
-Organisms which produce energy, such as photosynthetic plants
Consumers
-Organisms, such as animals, that feed on other organisms or their remains
Energy and Matter
- When organisms use energy to perform work, some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat
- Energy flows through an ecosystem, entering as light and exiting as heat
- Chemicals cycle within an ecosystem, where they are used and then recycled
Interaction
- Important in biological systems
- Interactions btwn components – organs, tissues, cells, molecules– that make up living organisms are crucial to their smooth operation
- Interactions bwtn organisms= good or harmful
Charles Darwin
- On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
- Species showed evidence of descent with modification from common ancestors
- Natural selection is behind descent with modification
- Explained duality of unity and diversity
Natural Selection
- Survival of the fittest
- Results in the adaptation of organisms to the circumstances of their way of life and their environment
Deductive Reasoning
-General to specific reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
-Specific to general reasoning
Hypothesis
-Explanation, based on observations and assumptions, that leads to a testable prediction
Controlled Experiment
-experimental group is compared to control group
Variables
-Features or quantities that vary in an experiment
Independent Variable
-Manipulated by researchers
Dependent Variable
-Measured/ predicted
Matter
-Anything that takes up space and has mass
Element
-A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reaction
Compound
-A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
Essential Element
-Elements an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce
Trace elements
-Elements required by an organism in small quantites
Atom
-The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
Atomic Nucleus
- The center of an atom
- Made up of protons and neutrons
Atomic Number
-The number of protons in an element
Mass Number
-The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic Mass
- Full mass of an atomic, similar to the mass number
- Under the Element symbol
Isotope
- Different atomic form of the same element due to different numbers of neutrons
- Half-life is used to date fossils
Radioactive Isotope
-One in which the nucleus decays, giving off particles of energy
Energy
-The capacity to cause change through work
Potential Energy
-Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
Valence Electrons
- The electrons in the outermost electron shell
- Valence= number of valence electrons
Chemical bonds
-Types: covalent and ionic
Ionic Bond
-Steals electron from another atom due to unequal attraction
Van Der Waals Interaction
-Ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge that enables all atoms to stick to one another
