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Biology 141 > Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cohesion

A
  • Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding

- Helpful when fighting gravity to transport water through plants

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2
Q

Adhesion

A
  • Water molecules being attracted to the cell walls in things such as plants
    • Helpful when fighting gravity to transport water through plants
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3
Q

Surface Tension

A
  • Water molecules are hydrogen bonded to each other, but not the air above
    • Makes it very difficult to stretch or break water droplets
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4
Q

Moderation of Temperature by Water

A

-Absorbing heat from air that is warmer, releasing the stored heat into air that is cooler

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5
Q

Temperature

A

-AVERAGE KE of molecules in a body of matter, independent of volume

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6
Q

Thermal Energy

A
  • KE associated w/ random movement of atoms or molecules
  • Total kinetic energy, dependent on volume
  • When transferred from one body of matter to another= heat
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7
Q

Calorie

A
  • cal

- The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree C

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8
Q

Kilocalorie

A
  • 1,000 calories

- Quantity of heat required to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree C

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9
Q

Water’s High Specific Heat

A
  • Water’s specific heat= 1 Calorie
  • Water’s high specific heat makes it change temperature less than other substances
  • Traced back to hydrogen bonds
    • Heat absorbed= hydrogen bonds break
    • Heat lost= hydrogen bonds form
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10
Q

Specific Heat

A
  • How well a substance resists changing its temp when it absorbs or releases heat
  • The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree C
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11
Q

Evaporative Cooling

A
  • As a liquid evaporates, the surface of that liquid that remains cools down
    • Happens because the molecules w/ the greatest KE leave (hottest ones)
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12
Q

Heat of Vaporization

A

-The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from a liquid to a gaseous state

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13
Q

Emergent Properties of Water

A
  1. Moderation of Temperature
  2. Cohesion
  3. Floating Ice on Liquid Water
  4. Water as a solvent for life
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14
Q

Floating Ice on Liquid Water

A
  • Ice (solid)= less dense than its liquid form, water
  • Water molecules expand instead of contracting when frozen
  • Water freezes because molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds
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15
Q

Water as a Solvent

A
  • Water= a good solvent because of hydrogen bonds
  • Ex: When dissolving salt, hydrogen cations are attracted to chloride anions and oxygen anions are attracted to sodium cations
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16
Q

Solution

A

-A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

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17
Q

Solvent

A
  • The dissolving agent of a solution

- Ex: water

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18
Q

Solute

A

-The substance that is dissolving

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19
Q

Aqueous Solution

A

-Solution where solvent= water

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20
Q

Hydration Shell

A

-The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

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21
Q

Hydrophilic Substances

A

-Any substance that likes water, will SOMETIMES dissolve

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22
Q

Hydrophobic Substances

A
  • Nonionic/nonpolar substances (can’t create hydrogen bonds), repel water
  • Ex: Vegetable oil
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23
Q

Molecular Mass

A

-The sum of all the masses of the atoms in a molecule

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24
Q

Mole (mol)

A
  • 6.02x10^23
  • Avagadro’s number
  • 1 mole= 1 dalton
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25
Q

Molarity

A

-The number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Equation: A x B= C x D

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26
Q

When a water molecule loses a proton/ hydrogen ion, what happens?

A
  • A hydroxide ion is made (OH-)

- OH- is basic

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27
Q

What happens when a water molecule gains an extra proton/hydrogen ion?

A
  • Hydronium ion (H3O+) is made

- Also known simply as H+, acidic

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28
Q

PH scale

A

-Less than 7= acidic
-More than 7= basic
=7 is neutral
-Ex: Water

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29
Q

Organic Chemistry

A
  • The study of carbon compounds

- Range from simple to complex

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30
Q

Abiotic Synthesis

A
  • Organic compounds arising from nonliving things
    • Thought to be an early stage in the origins of life
  • Demonstrated by Stanley Miller and Harold Ureg’s experiments
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31
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

-Living organisms come from non-living organisms

Ex: Maggots from meat, come from rotten meat, but really came from flies

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32
Q

Carbon’s Emergent Properties

A
  • Can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
    • Due to carbon’s four valence electrons, creates single or double covalent bonds
    • Simple or large, complex moleculed
    • Variation in carbon skeletons is one important source of molecular complexity and diversity that characterizes living matter
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33
Q

Hydrocarbons

A
  • Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
  • Hydrophobic
  • Undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy
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34
Q

Isomers

A
  • Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures
    • Leads to different properties
  • 3 Types: Structural, cis-trans, enantiomers
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35
Q

Structural Isomers

A
  • Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

- May also differ in the location of their double bonds

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36
Q

Cis-Trans Isomers

A
  • Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but atoms differ in spatial arrangements due to double bonded carbons
    • Cis= same side of DB
  • Trans= opposite side DB
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37
Q

Enantiomers

A
  • Isomers that are mirror images of each other due to asymmetrical carbon
  • Left handed vs right handed version of molecule
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38
Q

Functional Groups

A
  • Chemical groups involved directly in chemical reactions
    • Each has certain properties such as shape and charge, which cause it to participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way
  • 7 groups:
    • Hydroxyl
    • Carbonyl
    • Carboxyl
    • Amino
    • Phosphate
    • Methyl
    • Sulfhydrl
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39
Q

Hydroxyl

A
  • Written (-OH)
  • Polar due to electronegative oxygen
  • Forms hydrogen bonds with water
  • Compound name: alcohol
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40
Q

Carbonyl

A
  • Written (C=O)
  • Sugars with ketone groups called ketoses
  • Those with aldehydes are called aldoses
  • Compound name: Ketone or aldehyde
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41
Q

Carboxyl

A
  • Written (-COOH)
  • Acts as an acid
  • Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
42
Q

Amino

A
  • Written (-NH2)
  • Acts as a base
  • Compound name: Amine
43
Q

Phosphate

A
  • Written (-OPO3^2-)
  • Contributes to negative charge
  • When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy
  • Compound name: Organic phosphate
44
Q

Methyl

A
  • Written (-CH3)
  • Affects the expression of genes and shape and function of sex hormones
  • Compound name: Methylated compound
45
Q

Sulfhydryl

A
  • Written (-SH)
  • Two SH groups can react, forming a “crosslink” that helps stabilize protein structure”
  • Compound name: Thiol
46
Q

Adenosine Triphospahte (ATP)

A
  • Important organic phosphate
  • Consists of organic molecule adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
  • Stores potential to react w/ water
    • Releases energy that can be used by the cell
47
Q

Evolution

A
  • The process of change over time that has resulted in the astounding array of organisms found on Earth
  • Adaptations are the result of this
  • Accounts for unity and diversity of life
48
Q

Properties of Life

A
  • Order
  • Energy Processing
  • Evolutionary Adaptation
  • Regulation
  • Growth and Development
  • Response to environment
  • Reproduction
49
Q

Reductionism

A
  • Method that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
    • Provides an incomplete view of life on Earth
50
Q

Levels of Organization

A
  1. Biosphere
  2. Ecosystems
  3. Communities
  4. Populations
  5. Organisms
  6. Organs
  7. Tissues
  8. Cells
  9. Organelles
  10. Molecules
51
Q

Biosphere

A
  1. All life on Earth and all the places where life exists
52
Q

Ecosystems

A
  1. All living things in a particular area, along with all the non-living components of the environment which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light
    Ex: North American meadow in the mountains
53
Q

Communities

A
  1. The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
    - Group of populations
    - Ex: In the meadow are different plants, animals, mushrooms, microorganisms
54
Q

Populations

A
  1. All the individual species living within the bounds of a specific area
    Ex: The meadow has a population of dandelions
55
Q

Organism

A
  1. Individual living things

Ex: A single dandelion in a population of dandelions

56
Q

Organs

A
  1. A body part made up of multiple tissues w/ a specific function
    Ex: heart, lungs
57
Q

Tissues

A
  1. A group of cells w/ specialized function

Ex: cardiovascular tissue

58
Q

Cells

A
  1. Smallest , fundamental unit of structure and function
    - Types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
    - Cell theory: all living organisms are made of cells
59
Q

Organelles

A
  1. The various functional components present in cells

Ex: Chloroplast

60
Q

Molecules

A
  1. A chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms

Ex: Chlorophyll in chloroplast

61
Q

Emergent Properties

A

-At the molecular level, novel properties emerge at each new level
Ex: Photosynthesis takes place in a chloroplast, but not in chlorophyll (organelle vs. molecules)

62
Q

Systems Biology

A
  • A holistic approach to define the complexity of biological components
  • Understanding that the networks of whole living organisms are more than the sum of their parts
  • Used to fully explore emergent properties
63
Q

Structure and Function

A
  • Correlation between structure and function

- Cells= basic unit of organisms structure and function

64
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Cells that contain membrane-enclosed organelles, nucleus

- Found in plants and animals

65
Q

Prokaryotic

A
  • Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles

- Smaller than eukaryotic

66
Q

DNA

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid
  • Chromosomes–> DNA–> genes -Made up of 2 long chains called strand, engaged in a double helix
    • Each strand is made up of 4 types of nucleotides: A, T, C, and G
67
Q

Genes

A
  • Each section of the DNA of a chromosome
  • Units of inheritance
  • Establish a cell’s identity and function
68
Q

Gene Expression

A

-The entire process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product

69
Q

Genome

A

-The entire library of genetic instructions that organisms inherit

70
Q

Proteomics

A

-The study of sets of proteins and their properties

71
Q

Proteome

A

-The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism

72
Q

Producers

A

-Organisms which produce energy, such as photosynthetic plants

73
Q

Consumers

A

-Organisms, such as animals, that feed on other organisms or their remains

74
Q

Energy and Matter

A
  • When organisms use energy to perform work, some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat
    • Energy flows through an ecosystem, entering as light and exiting as heat
  • Chemicals cycle within an ecosystem, where they are used and then recycled
75
Q

Interaction

A
  • Important in biological systems
  • Interactions btwn components – organs, tissues, cells, molecules– that make up living organisms are crucial to their smooth operation
  • Interactions bwtn organisms= good or harmful
76
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
    • Species showed evidence of descent with modification from common ancestors
    • Natural selection is behind descent with modification
  • Explained duality of unity and diversity
77
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Survival of the fittest

- Results in the adaptation of organisms to the circumstances of their way of life and their environment

78
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

-General to specific reasoning

79
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

-Specific to general reasoning

80
Q

Hypothesis

A

-Explanation, based on observations and assumptions, that leads to a testable prediction

81
Q

Controlled Experiment

A

-experimental group is compared to control group

82
Q

Variables

A

-Features or quantities that vary in an experiment

83
Q

Independent Variable

A

-Manipulated by researchers

84
Q

Dependent Variable

A

-Measured/ predicted

85
Q

Matter

A

-Anything that takes up space and has mass

86
Q

Element

A

-A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reaction

87
Q

Compound

A

-A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

88
Q

Essential Element

A

-Elements an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce

89
Q

Trace elements

A

-Elements required by an organism in small quantites

90
Q

Atom

A

-The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

91
Q

Atomic Nucleus

A
  • The center of an atom

- Made up of protons and neutrons

92
Q

Atomic Number

A

-The number of protons in an element

93
Q

Mass Number

A

-The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

94
Q

Atomic Mass

A
  • Full mass of an atomic, similar to the mass number

- Under the Element symbol

95
Q

Isotope

A
  • Different atomic form of the same element due to different numbers of neutrons
  • Half-life is used to date fossils
96
Q

Radioactive Isotope

A

-One in which the nucleus decays, giving off particles of energy

97
Q

Energy

A

-The capacity to cause change through work

98
Q

Potential Energy

A

-Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

99
Q

Valence Electrons

A
  • The electrons in the outermost electron shell

- Valence= number of valence electrons

100
Q

Chemical bonds

A

-Types: covalent and ionic

101
Q

Ionic Bond

A

-Steals electron from another atom due to unequal attraction

102
Q

Van Der Waals Interaction

A

-Ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge that enables all atoms to stick to one another

Biology 141 (9 decks)

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