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practical issues Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the practical issues of social psychology?

A
  1. field experiments
  2. questionnaires and interviews
  3. demand characteristics and deception
  4. social desirability bias
  5. thematic analysis
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2
Q

in social psychology what are the practical issues with the use of field experiments?

A
  • natural environment so they have good ecological validity
  • results relate more closely to situations and behaviours in everyday life - in natural settings
  • behaviours produced can be applied more easily to everyday behaviours
  • for example: (Sherifs study) the boys didn’t realise that they are in an experiment, this means they could not display any demand characteristics and their behaviour represented behaviour what would naturally occur in a real summer camp
  • however, the naivety of the boys means that they were deceived into participating in the study as informed consent was not given
  • moreover, sherif deceived them further by telling them the water truck was broken when it wasn’t really broken and made them fix it.
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3
Q

in social psychology what are the practical issues with the use of questionnaires and interviews?

A
  • qualitative data may be hard to gather because respondents might be reluctant to give a valid response due to social desirability
    • respondents may change their answer so that it aligns to what is seen as socially acceptable, therefore it doesn’t represent their real thoughts and opinions
  • there is more chance of bias than with other methods
    • The researchers have more control over who is chosen and may be biased towards people who are easy to access, such as the people they know
    • They may be biased towards choosing people like themselves, choosing people their age or people who look friendly
    • These issues connected with research are likely to give a biased sample
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4
Q

in social psychology what are the practical issues with social desirability bias?

A
  • this may occur as a result of answering questionnaires or interviews in an untruthful way in order to seem more appealing to society and follow the normas
  • this may prevent getting valid answers
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5
Q

in social psychology what are the practical issues with thematic analysis?

A
  • issues with subjectivity because of researchers choosing what themes to look for and what counts as each behaviour
  • potential for good rater-reliability if multiple researchers work together
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6
Q

what are the practical issues of cognitive psychology?

A
  1. use of lab experiments
  2. use of case studies
  3. ecological validity
  4. demand characteristics
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7
Q

in cognitive psychology, what are the practical issues with the use of lab experiments?

A
  • credible and scientific as there is strict control over extraneous variables such as the speed at which word lists are presented such as Baddeleys study, where each word appeared on a slide for 3 seconds each. this prevented the results from being affected by participants hearing issues.
  • often uses a volunteer sample, they may be biased in some way or different to the wider population as they are more likely to take part in a psychological experiment / are in the same area
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8
Q

in cognitive psychology, what are the practical issues with the use of case studies?

A
  • low level of generalisability as all individuals are unique and each case of brain damage is unique, for example HM’s brain damage is specific to a surgery to help with his epilepsy where the bilateral medial temporal lobe (MTL) was removed and suffered from amnesia afterwards
  • so any results collected from HM are not generalisable to a wider population of people who have not undergone the same issues as himself
  • Measurements of damage to the brain are done using scanning, which has a certain level of accuracy, pictures are produced by the scanning and so there is visual information. Actual measurements can be made using the pictures, and pictures can be taken as well as measurements for more than one person to test for reliability. It has been claimed that scanning for such damage is a reliable and scientific measure
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9
Q

in cognitive psychology, what are the practical issues with ecological validity?

A
  • the setting and task of a study should allow the results to apply to other situations for example in order to achieve good controls and high internal validity, studies use word lists or nonsense syllables
  • memory in the real world, rarely demands the recall of meaningless material so the tests used in research cannot reflect the reality of day-to-day recall
  • for example baddeleys study has high internal validity due to getting rid of the read-aloud word lists as some participants had hearing difficulties and replacing them with slides so everyone saw the same word for the same amount of time
  • however it has low ecological validity because recalling the order of the words is also extremely artificial and doesn’t resemble any use of memory
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10
Q

in cognitive psychology, what are the practical issues with demand characteristics?

A
  • ethical issues arise when researchers do not reveal their true aims about their procedure however, participants naivety reduces the risk of demand characteristics
  • e.g: in memory studies keeping participants uniformed prevents them making a specific effort to remember particular stimuli, thus making results lack validity as they would not represent memory in everyday life where effort is not used
  • researchers have to consider how to avoid demand characteristics with perhaps using slight deception
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11
Q

what are the practical issues of learning theories?

A
  1. animal studies
  2. structured observations
  3. participant observations
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12
Q

in learning theories, what are the practical issues with animal studies?

A
  • valid as we are able to study things in animals which would be unethical to study in humans
  • reliable as they tend to use quantitative data which is objective
  • low generalisability as humans are more complex than animals and are capable of higher order thinking (are sentient)
  • high reliability as it follows a standardised procedure
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13
Q

in learning theories, what are the practical issues with structured observations?

A
  • more reliable due to control over independent variables to recreate the situation
  • higher internal validity as extraneous variables can be controlled
  • low ecological validity
  • more expensive to conduct as it is time consuming
  • opportunistic sample might not be representative of the general population
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14
Q

in learning theories, what are the practical issues with participant observations?

A
  • not reliable due to a lack of control over independent variables, it relies on natural events
  • low validity due to lack of control over extraneous variables, however high ecological validity due to mundane realism
  • less expensive
  • opportunistic sample
  • not generalisable
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15
Q

what are the practical issues of biological psychology?

A
  1. brain scanning
  2. laboratory experiments
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16
Q

in biological psychology, what are the practical issues with brain scans?

A
  • Brain scans are hard to measure and some brain scans cannot measure everything that is required
  • Scanning is not something that can be done without the equipment and correct environment, so patients have to be in the right place
  • some brain scanning includes an invasive procedure, PET scans include the injection of a radioactive tracer. Radioactive substances cause damage to the tissue of the body, they may kill cells or cause mutations in the DNA code in the cells. Can only be done every 6 months
  • scanning can have good inter-rater reliability as 3D image analysed by more than 1 researcher
17
Q

in biological psychology, what are the practical issues with laboratory experiments

A

credible and scientific as there is strict control over extraneous variables such as whether the participants are taking any medication, for example Raine ensured that no participant was on any medication in advance of the study so no medicine is affecting the function of their brain

psychology (78 decks)

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