Practical Flashcards
Where do T-cells mature?
Thymus
What are organized regions of the adaptive immune cells that allow for antigen specific immune responses?
Lymphoid follicles
What are clusters of lymphoid follicles in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine?
Peyer’s Patches
What is the structure labeled A?
Capsule
What is the structure labeled B?
Subcapsullar Sinus
What is the structure labeled C?
Outer Cortex
What is the structure labeled D?
Trabecular Sinus
What is the structure labeled E?
Germinal Center
What is the structure labeled F?
Trabecula
What is the structure labeled G?
Inner cortex
What is the structure labeled H?
Medullary Sinus
What is the structure labeled I?
Medulla
What is the left arrow pointing to?
Cortex
What is the middle arrow pointing to?
Medulla
What is the right arrow pointing to?
Hillum
What is the top arrow pointing to, and what cells are there?
Germinal Center (dark zone)
Proliferating and hypermutating B cells (centroblasts)
What is the middle arrow pointing to, and what cells are there?
Germinal Center (light)
Specified B cells (Centrocytes)
What is the bottom arrow pointing to, and what cells are there?
Mantle
Naive B-cells
What is this?
Hassall’s Corpuscle
What is the top arrow pointing to?
White pulp - lymphoid follicle
What is the bottom arrow pointing to?
Red pulp
What stains dendritic cells?
Fascin
What is positive selection?
Survival dependant on being able to bind to MHC molecule
What is negative selection
Survival dependent on not recognizing self-antigen
What is the name of lymph nodes in the underarm area?
Axillary
What is the name of lymph nodes in the small intestinal connective tissue?
Mesenteric
What is the name of lymph nodes in the groin area?
Inguinal
What is the most superior tonsil?
Tubal
What is the second most superior tonsil?
Pharangeal
What are the visible tonsils at the back of the throat?
Palatine
What is the tonsil under the tongue?
Lingual
What stains dendritic cells?
Fascin
What is positive selection?
Survival dependant on being able to bind to MHC molecule
What is negative selection
Survival dependent on not recognizing self-antigen
What is the name of lymph nodes in the underarm area?
Axillary
What is the name of lymph nodes in the small intestinal connective tissue?
Mesenteric
What is the name of lymph nodes in the groin area?
Inguinal
What kind of tissue is in the respiratory system?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithalial Tissue
What are the open spaces inside of the trachea and bronchi called?
Lumen
What are the sections of this lung structure?
What kinds of cells are these?
Club Cells
What is this?
Bronchiole
What is the volume labeled A, and what is that volume in mL?
Inspiratory Volume
3100 mL M
1900 mL F
What is the volume labeled B, and what is that volume in mL?
Tidal Volume
500 mL
What is the volume labeled C, and what is that volume in mL?
Expiratory Volume
1200 mL M
700 mL F
What is the volume labeled D, and what is that volume in mL?
Residual Volume
1200 mL M
1100 mL F
What is the capacity labeled E?
Inspiratory capacity
What is the capacity labeled F?
Functional Residual Capacity
What is the capacity labeled G?
Vital Capacity
What is the capacity labeled H?
Total Lung Capacity
What is the term for when exhalation is dampened?
Obstructive
What is the term for when inhalation is dampened?
Restrictive
Which diseases have dampened exhalation?
COPD
Chronic bronchitis
Obstructive emphysema
Asthma
Which diseases have dampened inhalation?
Scarring from pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Neurologic and muscular diseases
Structural abnormalities of the spine and chest wall deformities
What pressure should be lowest to prevent pneumothorax?
Intrapleural Pressure
What are the three sections of the small intestine, and how do you tell them apart?
–Duodenum: Brunner’s glands, crypts
–Jejunum: Long villi and crypts– no B. glands, no Peyer’s (even though they do exist there)
–Ileum: crypts and Peyers patch party
What are the layers of the digestive tract in order from deep to superficial?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa (esophagus), Advantitia (everywhere else)
How do you distinguish the esophagus from the trachea?
Trachea has C-ring cartilage
What are the main salivary glands?
Submandibular
Sublingual
Parotid
What is the center of a tooth composed of?
Dentin
What is a hexagonal liver cell called?
Lobule
What are the two vessels found in liver cells?
Portal Vein
Hepatic Artery
What cells secrete pancreatic juice?
Acini cells
What are the light-staining clusters in the pancreas?
Langerhaans
What makes up the portal tetrad?
Bile Duct
Lymphoid Drainage
Hepatic Portal Vein
Hepatic Artery
What are the sections of the stomach?
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric Atrium
Pylorus
What are the sections of the large intestine?
Appendix
Cecum
Ascending, Transverse, Descending
Sigmoid
What are the folds in the stomach called?
Rugae
What is the vessel labeled B?
Abdominal Aorta
What is the vessel labeled C?
Celiac Trunk
What is the vessel labeled D?
Common Hepatic
What is the vessel labeled E?
Right Renal
What is the vessel labeled F?
Right Deep Femoral
What is the vessel labeled G?
Thoracic Aorta
What is the vessel labeled H?
Diaphragm
What is the vessel labeled I?
Left gastric
What is the vessel labeled J?
Splenic
What is the vessel labeled K?
Left Renal
What is the vessel labeled L?
Superior Mesenteric
What is the vessel labeled M?
Left Gonadal
What is the vessel labeled N?
Inferior Mesenteric
What is the vessel labeled O?
Left common iliac
What is the vessel labeled P?
Left External Iliac
What is the vessel labeled Q?
Left Internal Iliac
What is the vessel labeled R?
Left Femoral
What is the vessel labeled S?
Left Deep Femoral
What is the vessel labeled T?
Left popliteal
What is the vessel labeled U?
Left Anterior Tibial
What is the vessel labeled V?
Left posterior Tibial
What is the vessel labeled W?
Left Fibular
What is the vessel labeled 1?
Abdominal Aorta
What is the vessel labeled 2?
Left Gastric
What is the vessel labeled 3?
Splenic
What is the vessel labeled 4?
Common Hepatic
What is the vessel labeled 5?
Hepatic Artery Proper
What is the vessel labeled 6?
Gastroduodenal
What is the vessel labeled 7?
Right Gastroepoploic
What is the vessel labeled 8?
Left Renal
What is the vessel labeled 9?
Right Renal
What is the vessel labeled 10?
Superior Mesenteric
What is the vessel labeled 11?
Jujunal
What is the vessel labeled 12?
Middle Colic
What is the vessel labeled 13?
Right Colic
What is the vessel labeled 14?
Iliocolic
What is the vessel labeled 15?
Inferior Mesenteric
What is the vessel labeled 16?
Left Colic
What is the vessel labeled 17?
Sigmoid
What is the vessel labeled 18?
Superior Rectal
What is the vessel labeled 19?
Left Iliac
What is the vessel labeled 20?
Right Iliac
What is the vessel labeled 21?
Right External Iliac
What is the vessel labeled 22?
Left External Iliac
What is the vessel labeled 23?
Right Internal Iliac
What is the vessel labeled 24?
Left Internal Iliac
What is the vessel labeled 25?
Left and Right Superior Gluteal
What is the vessel labeled 26?
Left Obturator
What is the vessel labeled 27?
Left Gonadal
What is the vessel labeled 28?
Right Gonadal
What is the anterior vessel labeled 1?
Femoral
What is the anterior vessel labeled 2?
Deep Femoral
What is the anterior vessel labeled 3?
Lateral Circumflex
What is the anterior vessel labeled 4?
Medial Circumflex
What is the anterior vessel labeled 5?
Great Saphenous Vein
What is the anterior vessel labeled 6?
Anterior Tibial
What is the anterior vessel labeled 7?
Dorsalis Pedis
What is the posterior vessel labeled 1?
Femoral
What is the posterior vessel labeled 2?
Popliteal
What is the posterior vessel labeled 3?
Anterior Tibial
What is the posterior vessel labeled 4?
Posterior Tibial
What is the posterior vessel labeled 5?
Lesser Saphenous Vein
What is the posterior vessel labeled 6?
Fibular Artery
What are the roles of the urinary system?
Filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion
Gluconeogenesis
Hormone production
Vitamin D metabolism
What are the glands that sit atop the kidneys?
Adrenal Glands
What are the tubes leading out of the kidneys to the bladder?
Ureters
How much blood do the kidneys filter?
200L / day
What are the main branches of arteries leading to the kidneys?
Renal
Segmental
Interlobar
What are the main branches of veins leading away from the kidneys?
Arcuate
Interlobar
Renal
What are the two types of nephron?
Cortical
Juxtamedullary
What is the structure labeled A?
Cortex
What is the structure labeled B?
Medulla
What is the structure labeled C?
Renal Column
What is the structure labeled D?
Minor Calyses
What is the structure labeled E?
Renal Papillae
What is the structure labeled F?
Renal Pyramids
What is the structure labeled G?
Major Calyces
What is the structure labeled H?
Renal Pelvis
What is the structure labeled I?
Ureter
What is the structure labeled A?
Distal Convoluted Tubule
What is the structure labeled B?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
What is the structure labeled C?
Renal Corpuscles
What is the structure labeled D?
Collecting Duct
What is the structure labeled E?
Cortex
What is the structure labeled F?
Descending Limb of Loop of Henle
What is the structure labeled G?
Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle
What is the structure labeled H?
Outer Medulla
What is the structure labeled I?
Inner Medulla
What is the structure labeled J?
Papillary Duct
What are the roles of the urinary system?
Filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion
Gluconeogenesis
Hormone production
Vitamin D metabolism
What are the glands that sit atop the kidneys?
Adrenal Glands
What are the tubes leading out of the kidneys to the bladder?
Ureters
How much blood do the kidneys filter?
200L / day
Is this the cortex or the medulla?
Cortex: Corpuscles
Is this the cortex or the medulla?
Medulla
Is this the cortex or the medulla?
Medulla
Where are we? How can you tell?
Collecting Duct
Intercalated Cells
What is in the box?
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Where are the PCTs?
Fuzzy, pink insides
What are the main branches of arteries leading to the kidneys?
Renal
Segmental
Interlobar
What are the main branches of veins leading away from the kidneys?
Arcuate
Interlobar
Renal
What are the two types of nephron?
Cortical
Juxtamedullary
What is the structure labeled A?
Cortex
What is the structure labeled B?
Medulla
What is the structure labeled C?
Renal Column
What is the structure labeled D?
Minor Calyses
What is the structure labeled E?
Renal Papillae
What is the structure labeled F?
Renal Pyramids
What is the structure labeled G?
Major Calyces
What is the structure labeled H?
Renal Pelvis
What is the structure labeled I?
Ureter
What is the structure labeled A?
Distal Convoluted Tubule
What is the structure labeled I?
Inner Medulla
What is the structure labeled J?
Papillary Duct
What is the structure labeled H?
Outer Medulla
What amount of protein should urine contain?
None
What are visible on the glomerulus (cell structures)?
Podocytes
Foot Processes
Filtration Slits
What is the opposite of clear urine?
Turbid
How do different foods affect the pH of urine?
Meat and Eggs are more acidic
Fruits and Vegetables are more alkaline
What is the structure labeled G?
Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle
Is this the cortex or the medulla?
Medulla
Where are the PCTs?
Fuzzy, pink insides
What is in the box?
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Where are we? How can you tell?
Collecting Duct
Intercalated Cells
Is this the cortex or the medulla?
Medulla
Is this the cortex or the medulla?
Cortex: Corpuscles
What is the structure labeled F?
Descending Limb of Loop of Henle
What tissues make up the male and female urethra?
Proximal Male and Female: Pseudostratified Columnar
Distal Male and female: Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelial
What is the structure labeled E?
Cortex
What is the structure labeled D?
Collecting Duct
What is the structure labeled C?
Renal Corpuscles
What is the structure labeled B?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
How do different foods affect the pH of urine?
Meat and Eggs are more acidic
Fruits and Vegetables are more alkaline
What amount of protein should urine contain?
None
What are visible on the glomerulus (cell structures)?
Podocytes
Foot Processes
Filtration Slits
What is the opposite of clear urine?
Turbid
What tissues make up the male and female urethra?
Proximal Male and Female: Pseudostratified Columnar
Distal Male and female: Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelial
What are the structures in the spermatic cord?
Pampiniform Plexus
Vas Deferens
Cremaster Muscle
Testicular Artery
Lymphatic tissue
What are the main components of semen?
Citric Acid
Prostaglandin
Amino Acids
What are the layers of the testes, from deep to superficial?
Tunica Albuginia
Tunica Vaginalis (cremaster muscle)
Internal Spermatic Fascia
External Spermatic Fascia
Dartos Muscle
Epidermis/Cutaneous
What are the two main bodies in a cross section of the penis?
Corpus Cavernosum
What is the blood vessel running along the top of the penis?
Dorsal Vein
What are the fingerlike protrusions on the ovaries?
Fimbriae
What are the green arrows pointing to?
Spermatogonium
What are the yellow arrows pointing to?
Sertoli Cells
What are the red arrows pointing to?
Primary Spermatocytes
What are the blue arrows pointing to?
Secondary Spermatocytes
What are the teal arrows pointing to?
Spermatids
Where is this tissue located?
Epididymus
What stage is the follicle in? What about the oocyte?
Primordial Follicle
Primary Oocyte
What stage is the follicle in? What about the oocyte?
Primary follicle
Primary oocyte
What stage is the follicle in? What about the oocyte?
Secondary follicle
Primary oocyte
What stage is the follicle in? What about the oocyte?
Mature follicle
Secondary oocyte
Where in this tissue located?
Fallopian Tube
What is the ‘head’ of the penis called? What about the ‘crown’?
Glans penis
Corona
What are the two types of tissues in the penis?
Corpora Cavernosa
Corpora Spongiosum
What is the division between the testes?
Scrotal Septum
