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Anatomy and Physiology (Sem 2) > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

mediastinum

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2
Q

What is the valve labeled A?

A

Aortic Semilunar Valve

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3
Q

What is the valve labeled B?

A

Right Atrioventricular Valve

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4
Q

What is the valve labeled C?

A

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

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5
Q

What is the valve labeled D?

A

Left Atrioventricular Valve

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6
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs

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7
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.

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8
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk transport from?

A

The right ventricle

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9
Q

Where do the vena cavae deposit their blood?

A

Right atrium

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10
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins deposit blood into?

A

The left atrium

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11
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium

Parietal serous pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Visceral pericardium

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12
Q

What is this person experiencing?

A

Pericardial effusion

Left pleural effusion

Evidence of right heart failure

Pericarditis

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13
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

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14
Q

What are these symptoms of?

Chest pain

  • A rapid or abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia)
  • Shortness of breath, at rest or during physical activity
  • Fluid retention with swelling of your legs, ankles and feet
  • Fatigue
  • Other signs and symptoms you’d have with a viral infection, such as a headache, body aches, joint pain, fever, a sore throat or diarrhea
A

Myocarditis

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15
Q

What tissue type makes up the fibrous skeleton of the heart, and what are its functions?

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

– Forms the foundation for which the heart valves attach

– Serves as a point of insertion for cardiac muscle bundles

– Prevents overstretching of the heart valves

– Acts as an electrical insulator

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16
Q

What is the function of atrioventricular valves?

A

Prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria

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17
Q

What is the function of semilunar valves?

A

Prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles

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18
Q

What usually involves AV valves and often results in valve replacement surgery?

A

Severe Endocarditis

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19
Q

What are these symptoms of?
– Thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium

– Cells are weakened

A

Angina Pectoris

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20
Q

What are these symptoms of?

– Prolonged coronary blockage

– Areas of cell death are repaired with noncontractile scar tissue

A

Myocardial Infarction

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21
Q

What are the defining factors of cardiac muscle tissue?

A
  • T tubules are wide but less numerous; SR is simpler than in skeletal muscle
  • Numerous large mitochondria (25– 35% of cell volume)
  • Desmosomes prevent cells from separating during contraction
  • Gap junctions allow ions to pass; electrically couples adjacent cells
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22
Q

What are the defining factors of cardiac muscle contraction?

A
  • Some cardiac muscle cells are self excitatory
  • Gap junctions in cardiac muscle tie it together so the depolarization wave travels from cell to cell
  • Refractory period lasts 250ms
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23
Q

What is the SA node?

A

Sinoatrial node, pacemaker

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24
Q

What causes the depolarization, plateau, and repolarization?

A

Depolarization: Na+ inflow

Plateau: Ca2+ inflow and K+ outflow

Repolarization: K+ outflow

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25
Q

What are the major homeostatic imbalances of the intrinsic conduction system?

A

Arrythmia (Bradycardia and Tachycardia)

Uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions

Fibrillation: rapid, irregular contractions that are useless for pumping blood

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26
Q

What do autonomic centers modify in the heart?

A

Heart Rate and Force of Contraction

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27
Q

What do parasympathetic axons modify in the heart?

A

Reduces heart rate through the release of ACh

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28
Q

What neurotransmitter increases the heart rate through G-protein signaling?

A

Norepinephrine

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29
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume?

A

Stroke Volume = End diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume

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30
Q

How do you calculate Cardiac Output?

A

Cardiac Output(mL/min) = Stroke Volume(mL/beat) x Heart Rate(beats/min)

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31
Q

What structures are present for fetal circulation, and what do they turn into later in life?

A

Ductus Arteriosus - Ligamentum Arteriosum

Foramen Ovalle - Fossa Ovalle

Ductus Venosus - Ligamentum Venosum

Umbillical Vein - Round ligament of liver

Umbillical Arteries - Medial umbillical ligaments

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32
Q

What is the name of the congenital heart defect where the foramen ovalle fails to close?

A

Patent foramen ovalle

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33
Q

What is the name of the congenital heart defect where there is a narrow segment of the aorta?

A

Coarctation of the aorta

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34
Q

What is the name of the congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosis remains open?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

35
Q

What is the name of the congenital heart defect where there is an interventricular septum defect, enlarged right ventricle, stenosed pulmonary semilunar valve, and the aorta emerges from both right and left ventricles?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

36
Q

What regulated the flow of blood through capillary beds?

A

Precapillary sphincters

37
Q

What are the types of capillaries, and where are they located?

A

Continuous: Skin, muscles, brain

Fenestrated: small intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys

Sinusoidal: liver, bone marrow, spleen

38
Q

What is bulk flow in capillaries regulated by?

A

Net filtration pressure

39
Q

What is blood resistence affected by, and what does it affect?

A

By: blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius

Also affected by atherosclerosis

Affects: total blood flow

40
Q

During exercise, which organs receive increased blood flow?

A

Brain, heart, skin, muscles

41
Q

What is hypovolumic shock?

A

Failure of CV system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs

42
Q

What are these symptoms of?

  • Clammy, cool, pale skin
  • Tachycardia
  • Weak, rapid pulse
  • Sweating
  • Hypotension (SBP <90 mmHg)
  • Altered mental status
  • Decreased urinary output
  • Thirst
  • Acidosis
A

Shock

43
Q

What is the threshold of hypotension?

A

Systolic pressure below 100mmHg

44
Q

What are these symptoms of?

temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position

A

Orthostatic hypotension

45
Q

What are these symptoms of?

Hint of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison’s disease or hypothyroidism

A

Chronic hypotension

46
Q

What are these symptoms of?

important sign of circulatory shock

A

Acute hypotension

47
Q

How does aging affect the heart?

A

– Loss of compliance of the aorta

– Reduction in cardiac muscle fiber size

– Progressive loss of cardiac muscular strength

– Decline in maximum heart rate

– Increased systolic blood pressure

48
Q

What does primary hypertension cause?

A

Heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke

49
Q

What disease do these disorders cause?

kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism and Cushing’s syndrome

A

Secondary Hypertension

50
Q

What kinds of medications are used to treat hypertension?

A

Diuretics
• Angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
• Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
• Renin inhibitors
• Beta-blockers
• Alpha-blockers
• Alpha-agonists
• Calcium channel blockers
• Combination medications

51
Q

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Drains excess interstitial fluid
  2. Transports dietary lipids absorbed by the GI tract
  3. Carries out immune responses
52
Q

How are lymph capillaries and blood capillaries different?

A

Lymphatic Capillaries have a greater permeability and larger diameter than blood capillaries

53
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa – Absorb digested fat and deliver fatty lymph (chyle) to the blood

54
Q

What is this homeostatic imbalance?

A

Lymphedema

55
Q

What is innate immunity vs. adaptive immunity?

A

Innate immunity is an immediate response, nonspecific

Adaptive immunity is specialized

56
Q

What primary germ layer to lymph organs arise from?

A

Mesoderm (except thymus)

Thymus arises from the endoderm, specifically from the pharynx

57
Q

What do innate immune cells respond to first?

A

Tissue injury and potential pathogens, they eliminate diseased cells, pathogens and induce inflammation

58
Q

How do cells communicate during immune responses?

A

Soluable mechanisms

Cell to Cell contact

59
Q

What is a PAMP?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern

60
Q

What is a TLR?

A

Toll Like Receptors

61
Q

Where do lymphocytes develop and mature, activate, and persist in memory?

A

Development and Maturation: Red bone marrow and Thymus

  • Activation and effector responses: Secondary Lymphoid organs
  • Memory: secondary lymphoid organs
62
Q

Where do B cells and T cells develop?

A

Primary Lymphatic organs

63
Q

What three things must occur during B cell maturation?

A
  1. B cells that recognize self-antigens are deleted (negative selection) to prevent autoimmune disease
  2. The right cytokine signals help them to live (co-stimulation)
  3. Lack of the right cytokine signals results in anergy or inactivation of B cells (to prevent autoimmune disease)

All of these occur in the red bone marrow

64
Q

Where do T cells develop?

A

Thymus

65
Q

What are the functions of secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Filter lymph—macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris
  2. Immune system— lymphocytes are activated and mount an attack against antigens
  3. Store memory lymphocytes that quickly become activated when they see their appropriate antigen
  4. T cells and B cells often work together
66
Q

What makes IgG unique?

A

Used for passive immunity, crosses placenta

67
Q

What makes IgM unique?

A

First produced antibody, only antibody produced in the fetus

68
Q

What makes IgA unique?

A

Associated with mucosal membranes, helps protect against local respiratory or GI infections

69
Q

What makes IgD unique?

A

Identifies when immature B lymphocytes may be ready for activation

70
Q

What makes IgE unique?

A

Causes release of products from basophils and mast cells, attracts eiosinophils

71
Q

What is the function of tonsils?

A

Trap digestive and respiratory pathogens

72
Q

What are these qualities of?

– Clusters of lymphoid follicles

– In the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine

– Similar structures are also found in the appendix

– Destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall

– Generate “memory” lymphocytes

A

Peyer’s patches

73
Q

What are the four types of organ transplants?

A

– Autografts: from one body site to another in the same person

– Isografts: between identical twins

– Allografts: between individuals who are not identical twins

– Xenografts: from another animal species

74
Q

What is SCID and how is it treated?

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

Treated with bone marrow transplants

75
Q

What is the function of the plurae?

A

Lubrication and surface tension

76
Q

What is inflammation of the pleura called?

A

Pleurisy

77
Q

What are the differences between the larynx and the pharynx?

A

Pharynx

  1. Passageway for food and air
  2. Resonating chamber for speech sounds
  3. Houses tonsils

Larynx

  1. Provides a patent airway
  2. Routes air and food into proper channels
  3. Voice production
78
Q

What is the opening between the pharynx and larynx?

A

Glottis

79
Q

What are these qualities of?

– Detergent-like lipid and protein complex produced by type II alveolar cells

– Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse

– Insufficient quantity in premature infants causes infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

Surfactant

80
Q

Does fetal or adult hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen?

A

Fetal

81
Q

What allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water?

A

Cortical influences

82
Q

What monitor levels of O 2 and CO 2 and provide input to the respiratory center?

A

Chemoreceptors

83
Q

What is a slight increase in PCO 2 (and thus H+)?

A

Hypercapnia

84
Q

What is Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level caused by a low PO2 in arterial blood due to high altitude, airway obstruction or fluid in the lungs?

A

Hypoxia

Anatomy and Physiology (Sem 2) (13 decks)

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