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Practical Flashcards

1
Q

Caecillians

A
  • order: Gymnophiona
  • Primarily fossorial (eyes beneath bone, hard head, limbless)
  • Tentacles (chemosensory organs)
  • internal fertilization through phallodeum
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2
Q

Salamanders (order and characteristics)

A
  • Order: Caudata
  • all are predators
  • skin has granular (poison) and mucous glands
  • paedomorphosis in some species (external gills, absence of eyelids)
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3
Q

Skeletal features of Caudata

A
  • separate radius and ulna (same as humans)

- elongated spinal column

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4
Q

Sirens (family and characteristics)

A
  • Family: Sirenidae
  • Eel-like/slender
  • Paedomorphic features
  • no hindlimbs
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5
Q

Hellbenders and Asiatic giant salamanders (family and characteristics)

A
  • family: Cryptobranchidae
  • largest extant salamanders
  • external fertilization
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6
Q

Hellbender (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
  • 5 toes on hind limbs, 4 on fore limbs
  • diet consists of crayfish
  • largest salamander in western hemisphere by mass
  • restricted to 2 specific watersheds
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7
Q

Newts and European salamanders (family and characteristics)

A
  • Family: Salamandridae
  • no costal grooves
  • internal fertilization
  • typically bright colors
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8
Q

Eastern (red-spotted) newt (name, range, characteristics

A
  • Notophthalmus viridescens
  • depostis eggs singly, wrapped in vegetation
  • efts in forests, adults in ponds, lakes, slow-moving rivers
  • obvious sexual dimorphism
  • everywhere in NY
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9
Q

Mole salamanders (family and characteristics)

A
  • Family: Ambystomatidae
  • fossorial
  • breed in late winter/early spring
  • no nasolabial grooves
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10
Q

Spotted salamander (name, range, characteristics

A
  • Ambystoma maculatum
  • spectacular migrations on first rainy nights of spring
  • Common throughout NY
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11
Q

Jefferson’s salamander (name, range, characteristics

A
  • Ambystoma jeffersonianum
  • larger than BSS with elongated legs and toes
  • very patchy range throughout NY
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12
Q

Blue-spotted salamander (name, range, characteristics

A
  • Ambystoma laterale
  • smaller than JS with short legs
  • prefers sandy or loamy soils
  • statewide distribution but very patchy
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13
Q

Interesting/unusal things about hybrids of the JS and BSS

A
  • unisex
  • parthenogenetic reproduction
  • polyploidy
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14
Q

What is the scientific name of the species complex that the BSS and JS belong to

A

-Ambystoma jeffersonium-laterale complex

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15
Q

Marbled salamander (name, range, characteristics

A
  • Ambystoma opacum
  • breed in fall, females guard nests
  • range limited to S NY possibly due to severe weather
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16
Q

(Eastern) tiger salamander (name, range, characteristics

A
  • Ambystoma tigrinum
  • NY’s largest terrestrial salamander
  • most widely distributed salamander in NA
  • restricted to long island in NY
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17
Q

Waterdogs, mudpuppies, and the olm (family and characteristics)

A
  • Family: Proteidae

- fully aquatic, paedomorphic

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18
Q

(common) mudpuppy (name, range, characteristics

A
  • Necturus maculosus
  • 4 toes on all 4 limbs
  • External gills, breathes through skin
  • spotty range in central/northern NY
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19
Q

Amphiumas or congo eels (family and characteristics)

A
  • family: Amphiumidae
  • heavy bodied eel-like with 4 tiny limbs
  • paedomorphic
  • survives droughts by burrowing and aestivation for 2+ years
  • different species distinguished by amount of toes
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20
Q

Lungless salamanders (family and characteristics)

A
  • Family: Plethodontidae
  • most divers and species rich salamander family
  • cutaneous respiration (breathes through skin)
  • nasolabial grooves (aid in chemoreception)
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21
Q

Northern dusky salamander (name, range, characteristics

A
  • Desmognathus fuscus
  • keeled tail (improves swimming)
  • eye strip
  • distributed widely across NY
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22
Q

Allegheny mountain dusky salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Desmognathus ochrophaeus
  • rounded tail
  • ventures further from water than northern dusky
  • wide range across NY, more popular in W NY
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23
Q

Northern two lined salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Eurycea bislineata
  • small, slender
  • females attach eggs to underside of submerged rocks in streams
  • widely distributed acros NY
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24
Q

long-tailed salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Eurycea longicauda
  • tail accounts of ~60% of total length
  • breathes primarily though skin
  • not popular in NY, only 15 reported occurances
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25
Spring salamander (name, range, characteristics)
- Gyrinophilus porphyriticus - major predator of other salamanders - largest plethodontid in NY - good distribution in NY, more popular in SW NY
26
Four-toed salamander (name, range, characteristics)
- Hemidactylium scutatum - often found in sphagnum moss - females guard nests - can have communal nests - very patchy range across NY
27
Eastern red-backed salamander (name, range, characteristics)
- Plethodon cinereus - most abundant salamander in NY - several color morphs - found everywhere in NY
28
Northern slimy salamander (name, range, characteristics)
- Plethodon glutinosus - called slimy because it can excrete a sticky, glue like substance from skin - restricted range in S NY, found up to ADK, no further
29
Wehrle's salamander (name, range, characteristics)
- Plethodon wehrlei - xeric habitat - webbed feet - found in one specific watershed at western PA/NY border
30
Red salamander (name, range, characteristics)
- Pseudotriton ruber - golden eyes - no white line across nasolabial grooves (diff from spring sal) - found primarily in S NY, but not long island
31
Anuran skeletal characteristics
- fused radius and ulna (radioulna) - fused tibia and fibula (tibiofibula) - caudal vertebrae fusing into urostyle
32
What is the term taht describes the warning coloration on frogs?
Amposematism
33
How do frogs feed
- adhesive tongue attached in front of mouth | - jaws and teeth usually play minor role in prey capture
34
Term for frog humping
Amplexus
35
Feature for toad ID
- cranial crest - Parotoid glands - Warts
36
New Zealand Frogs & Tailed Frogs (family and characteristics)
- Family: Leiopelmatidae - Voiceless - Copulatory organ -> coplexus
37
Fire-bellied toads, flat headed frogs (family and characteristics)
- Family: Bombinatoridae - Common in pet trade - has a sp of frog with no lungs
38
African Clawed Frog, Suriname Toads (family and characteristics)
- Family: Pipidae - Tend to have an elaborate mating system - Eggs embedded in females
39
Nearctic spadefoots (family and characteristiscs)
- Family: Scaphiopodidae - Fossorial - warty, but soft skin
40
Eastern Spadefoot (name, range, characteristics)
- Scaphiopus holbrookii - vertical pupils - sickle-shaped spade on underside of each foot - prefers well drained, sandy soil - Only in long island
41
Glass Frogs (family and characteristics)
- Family: Centrolenidae - transparent abdominal skin - mostly arboreal - lay eggs on leaves and branches above streams
42
Posion frogs (family and characteristics)
- Family: Dendrobatidae - lipophilic alkaloids sequestered from feeding on ants - Aposematic
43
True toads, harlequin frogs (family and characteristics)
- Family: Bufonidae - Parotoid glands - Pelvic patch for rapid water uptake from a substrate
44
American toad (name, range, characteristics)
-Anaxyrus americanus -spots on belly parotoid glads dont touch cranial crest -breed in spring -extremely common in NY
45
Fowlers toad (name, characteristics, range)
- Anaxyrus fowleri - unspotted belly - prefers sandy soils - Southern NY, long island range
46
Tree frogs (family, characteristics)
- Family: Hylidae - high diversity in tropics - most arboreal, some ground dwelling
47
Gray tree frog (name, range, characteristics)
- Hyla versicolor - tree-dwelling - identical to copes gray treefrog - common in most parts of NY
48
Copes gray tree frog (name, range, characteristics)
- Hyla chrysoscelis - call speed varies with temp - faster call than H. versicolor
49
Spring peeper (name, range, characteristics)
- Pseudacris crucifer - dark X on back - breed in late winter/early spring - found everywhere in NY
50
Western chorus frog (name, range, characteristics)
- Pseudacris triseriata - poorly developed toe discs - no webbing between toes - Found in W NY south of Lake Ontario
51
Why is there an open spot between in the W chorus frog range
- two separate species that were usually treated as one | - Boreal chorus frog
52
True frogs (family and characteristics)
- Family: Ranidae - typically found in ponds - long legs with webbing between toes
53
Bullfrog (name, range, characteristics)
- Lithobates catesbeianus - largest frog in NY - no dorsolateral fold - breed in summer - common everywhere in NY
54
Green frog (name, range, characteristics)
- Lithobates clamitans - one of the most common frogs in NY - permanent water bodies
55
Mink frog (name, range, characteristics)
- Lithobates septentrionalis - musky, mink like odor - breed in summer - webs on feet go past toes - only in ADK region
56
Pickerel frog (name, range, characteristics)
- Lithobates palustris - rectangle spots on back - slow, shallow moving waters - last frog to enter habitation - common throughout NY
57
Northern leopard frog (name, range, characteristics)
- Lithobates pipiens - light borders around spots on back - dorsolateral fold (white) runs down entire length - common in everywhere except S NY and ADK
58
Southern leopard frog (name, range, characteristics)
- Lithobates sphenocephalus - light dot in middle of tympanum - prefers wetlands - only in long island, and one watershed in central NY
59
Atlantic coast leopard frog (name, range, characteristics)
- Lithobates kauffeldi - open and vegetated wetlands - lass varied coloration than southern
60
Wood frog (name, range, characteristics)
- Lithobates sylvaticus - dark eye mask - prominent dorsal folds - freeze tolerant - explosive breeders in early spring - common everywhere in NY
61
Toxins associated with toads
-Bufotoxins in parotoid glands
62
Function of the tympanum
-transmits sound vibrations to inner ear
63
Side-necked turtles (family and characteristics)
- Suborder: Pleurodira - 3 families - restricted primarily to Southern Hemisphere
64
Australoamerican side-necked turtles (family and characteristics)
- Family: Chelidae | - flattened skulls, shells
65
African side-necked turtles (family and characteristics)
- Family: Pelomedusidae | - bottom walkers, not strong swimmers
66
Madagascan and South America side-necked turtles (family and characteristics)
- Family: Podocnemididae - Largest known turtle ever - flat shells, active swimmers
67
Hidden-necked turtles (suborder and characteristics)
- suborder: Cryptodira | - 11 families representing the majority of turtle diversity
68
Pig-nosed turtles (family, characteristics)
- Family: Carettochelyidae | - Nostrils resembling pig
69
Softshell turtles (family and characteristics)
- Family: Trionychidae - fully aquatic, strong swimmers - carapace covered in leathery skin
70
Spiny softshell turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Apalone spinifera - can breathe through skin - genetic sex determination - scattered on western nose of NY
71
Mud and musk turtles (family and characteristics)
- Family: Kinosternidae | - musk glands on underside
72
Common musk turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Sternotherus odoratus - Barbels under chin - front of plastron hinged - found in Oswego area and S NY
73
Eastern mud turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Kinosternon subrubrum - doubly hinged plastron - Only in long island
74
Snapping turtles (family and characteristics)
- Family: Chelydridae | - limbs, head, and tail cannot be retracted into shell
75
Common snapping turtles (name, range, characteristics)
- Chelydra serpentina - symbiotic relationship with painted turtles - saw toothed tail - everywhere in NY
76
Sea turtles (family and characteristics)
- Family: Cheloniidae - Complete marine except when nesting - claws present
77
Loggerhead sea turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Caretta caretta - named for large head - the furniture turtle - only in long island
78
Green sea turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Chelonia mydas - Bask on shore for vitamin D - named for greenish fat - one pair of prefrontal plates - only in long island
79
Atlantic hawksbill (name, range, characteristics)
- Eretmochelys imbricata - two pairs of prefrontal plates - source of turtle shell jewlery - nuchal scute separated from costals - only in long island
80
Kemp's Ridley sea turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Lepidochelys kempii - smallest sea turtle in NY - nuchal scute touches costals - only in long island
81
What species exhibits group nesting, and what is it called
- Kemp's Ridley | - Arribada nesting
82
Leatherback sea turtles (family and characteristics)
-Family: Dermochelyidae
83
Leatherback sea turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Dermochelys coriacea - largest extant turtle - eats jellyfish - carapace composed of osteoderms - no claws - only in long island
84
Threats to sea turtles
- Pollution - Fisheries bycatch - climate change - Coastal development
85
Pond and river turtles (family and characteristics)
- Family: Emydidae - some have hinged plastrons - no range given
86
Painted turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Chrysemys picta - prefers slow moving waters - red bars on marginal scutes - found everywhere in NY
87
Spotted turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Clemmys guttata - black with yellow dots on carapace and head - vernal pools, uplants, wetlands (seasonally) - Found in oswego and to the west, also S NY
88
Wood turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Glyptemys insculpta - genetic sex determination - Riverside or streamside, woodlands - large home ranges - spotty range throughout NY, common in S NY
89
Bog turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Glyptemys muhlenbergii - smallest turtle in NY - wet meadows and fens - found in oswego and S NY
90
Blanding's turtle (name, range, characteristics)
-Emydoidea blandingii -smiley face, notched upper jaw Found in N W S NY
91
Northern map turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Graptemys geographica - contour map-like markings - found along the Hudson
92
Eastern box turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Terrapene carolina carolina - highly domed carapace - plastron double hinged - lives 100+ years - S NY, some found in SW NY
93
Diamondback terrapin (name, range, characteristics)
- Malaclemys terrapin - webbed feet, large hind limbs - concentric grooves on scutes - found only in long island
94
Red-eared slider (name, range, characteristics)
- Trachemys scripta elegans - exotic - subspecies of pond slider - found in long island and few spots along NY
95
Bigheaded turtles (family and characteristics)
- Family: Platysternidae | - china
96
Old world emydids (family and characteristics)
- Family: Geoemydidae | - S europe to japan, central and s america
97
Totoises (family and characteristics)
Family: Testudinidae | -head and limbs fully withdrawn
98
Yellowbelly slider (name, range, characteristics)
- Trachemys scripta scripta - native to SE US - pets that were released in the wild - only long island
99
Eastern redbelly turtle (name, range, characteristics)
- Pseudemys rubriventris - reddish to orange yellow plastron - long island and central NY
100
Snake characteristics
- highest degree of cranial kinesis of any tetrapods - transparent spectacle covering eye - large right lung, reduced left - jacobson/vomeronasal organ (for chemoreception)
101
Pit organs in snakes
- sensitive infrared receptors - pit vipers: b/t nostril and eye - boas and pythons: paired structure along lips
102
Reproduction with snake
- paired copulatory organs - hemipenes | - genetic sex determination
103
Feeding in snakes
- unilateral feeding (right and left bones of upper jaw move alternately) - have a glottis to breathe while consuming prey
104
How do snakes kill prey
- Constriction | - immobilization with fangs (venom)
105
Viperid venom
- generally hemolytic, attacks blood - internal bleeding | - also cytolytic, destructs cells
106
Elapid venom
- generally neurotoxic | - immobilizes prey, permanent damage, suffocates first)
107
Threats to snake populations
- indiscriminate killing and collecting - habitat loss and fragmentation - snake fungal disease
108
Primitive snakes (order, characteristics)
Order: Scolecophidia - solid skulls - fossorial - primitive eyes - retina only contains rods
109
Pythons (family and characteristics)
- Family: Pythonidae - nonvenomous constrictors - habitat: desert to rain forest - cloacal spurs - pit organs - includes longest extant snake
110
Burmese python
- introduced into Everglades - invasive - 30k-300k pythons could be in park - implicated in severe declines of mammal species
111
Boas (family and characteristics)
- Family: Boidae - nonvenomous - vivparous - vestigal pelvic girdle - heaviest extant snake
112
Vipers and pit vipers (family and characteristics)
- Family: Viperidae - venomous - viviparous or oviparous
113
Copperhead (name, range, characteristics)
- Agkistrodon contortrix - no rattle - dark cross bands in hourglass pattern - mostly nocturnal - south NY
114
Timber rattlesnake (name, range, characteristics)
- Crotalus horridus - largest venomous snake in NY - has ratte - yellow and dark morphs - reproduce every 3-4 years - S NY, along W+S border
115
Massasauga (name, range, characteristics)
- Sistrurus catenatus - venomous with rattle - wetland-dependant - viviparous - two spots in NY, one is in Onondaga
116
Cobras, kraits, sea snakes, death adders and allies (family and characteristics)
- Family: Elapidae - worlds deadliest snakes - neurotoxin to paralyze prey
117
Common snakes (family and characteristics)
- Family: Colubridae | - largest snake family
118
Northern water snake (name, range, characteristics)
- Nerodia sipedon - most aquatic NY snake - permanent freshwater habitats - All around NY except ADK
119
Queen snake (name, range, characteristics)
- Regina septemvittata - moving water with shrubs - specializes on molted crayfish - dark tan-black with yellow stripe on lower sides - 4 spots on W NY
120
DeKays brown snake (name, range, characteristics)
- Storeria dekayi - small with keeled scales - terrestrial and marshy habitats - scattered everywhere in NY
121
Red-bellied snake (name, range, characteristics)
- Storeria occipitomaculata - smallest snake in NY - 2 color morphs: red/brown - 3 light spots behind head - moist forests - common everywhere in NY
122
Short-headed garter snake
- Thamnophis brachystoma - meadows, forest edge - brown with 3 light stripes - SW border of NY
123
Eastern ribbon snake (name, range, characteristics)
- Thamnophis sauritus - small spot of yellow in front of eye - long tail - fairly aquatic but bask in grass - Scattered through NY but not common
124
Common garter snake (name, range, characteristics)
- Thamnophis sirtalis - most widespread snake in NY - Variable in color - true viviparity - everywhere in NY
125
Smooth green snake (name, range, characteristics)
- Liochlorophis vernalis - bright green with white belly - wet grassy areas near forests, lakes, wetlands - scattered throughout NY
126
Eastern worm snake (name, range, characteristics)
- Carphophis amoenus - brown with pink belly, blunt tail - moist forests with streams - mostly fossorial - only in S NY, long island
127
Eastern racer (name, range, characteristics)
- Coluber constrictor - black with white chin and dark belly - does not constrict - S NY, some in central NY
128
Ring-necked snake (name, range, characteristics)
- Diadophis punctatus - yellow/orange belly and neck ring - mostly nocturnal - common in central NY mostly, some in S and W NY, almost none north
129
Eastern rat snake (name, range, characteristics)
- Elaphe alleghaniensis - longest snake in NY - black with white checkered belly - constricts - mostly S NY, some scattered throughout
130
Eastern hognose snake (name, range, characteristics)
- Heterodon platirhinos - flattened, upturned snout - S NY, some Eastern
131
Milk snake (name, range, characteristics)
- Lampropeltis triangulum - red or reddish-brown blotches with black outline - old fields, farmlands - everywhere in NY except ADK
132
Features for frog ID
- Tympanum | - Dorsolateral skin folds
133
Northern cricket frog (name, characteristics, range)
- Acris crepitans - smallest frog in NY - breed in early summer - restricted to one range in S NY
134
Tuataras (order and characteristics)
- Rhynchocephalia - live in islands off New Zealand - spines on nape and back - live in burrows - oviparous - mature sexually at 20 years - third vestigal eye
135
Tuatara family and species name
- Family: Sphenodontidae | - Sphenodon punctatus
136
Wall climbing geckos (family and characteristics)
- Family: Gekkonidae - tail autonomy - eyes covered by immovable spectacle (same as snakes) - climbing abilities
137
Crag and girdle-tailed lizards (family and characteristics)
- family: Cordylidae - scales in transverse circles - curl into ball for defense - rock-dwelling
138
Skinks (family and characteristics)
- Family: Scincidae - most speciose family of lizards - osteoderms under skin - tail autonomy - parental care of eggs
139
Northern Coal Skink (name, range, characteristics)
- Plestiodon anthracinus - 2 wide black stripes bordered by light stripes - males have red jaw during breeding season - young have blue tails - western NY - moist forests near wetlands or on rocky hillsides near water
140
Five-lined skink (name, range, characteristics)
- Plestiodon fasciatus - 5 lines down body - moist open canopy forests with abundant ground cover - northern hudson and southern NY range
141
Wall and rock lizards (family, characteristics)
- Family: Lacertidae - diurnal, rock-dwelling - oviparous - primarily insectivorous
142
Italian wall lizard (name, range, characteristics)
- Podarcis sicula - tail is half of total length - EXOTIC - sun-exposed urban and suburban areas - upper body green with brownish lines - very small spot in long island
143
Whiptail lizards and tegus (family and characteristics)
- Family: Teiidae - oviparous with communal nesting - long tail with autonomy - Parthenogenesis are common
144
Alligator and glass lizards (family and characteristics)
- Family: Anguidae - tropical and temperate regions - mostly diurnal and terrestrial - limbs lost in several genera
145
Gila monster, mexican beaded lizard (family and characteristics)
- Family: Helodermatidae - Venomous - released by slow chewing - used in pharmaceutical research - good climbers - oviparous
146
Monitors and Goannas (family and characteristics)
- Family: Varanidae - many are venomous - fast moving with forked tongue - small heads with long neck
147
Chameleons (family and characteristics)
- Family: Chamaeleonidae - prehensile tails - zygodactlyous feet - eyes move independently - color changing - long tongue that can be length of body
148
Angleheads, Calotes, Dragon lizards (family and characteristics)
- Family: Agamidae - Diurnal, most are oviparous - terrestrial or or arboreal
149
North American Spiny Lizards (family and characteristics)
- Family: Phrynosomatidae | - squirt stream of blood from eyes for defense
150
Eastern fence lizard (name, range, characteristics)
-Sceloporus undulatus -strongly keeled scales -dry open woodlands with lots of sun -oviparous one spot in long island and another north of long island
151
Iguanas (family and characteristics)
- Family: Iguanidae - large-bodied - autonomy - spp distinguished by skull morphology and dentition
152
True Anoles (family and characteristics)
- Family: Dactyloidae - extensive radiation in Caribbean and west indies - continually produce single egg - dewlap for communication
153
Amphisbaenians or worm lizards (suborder, characteristics)
- Amphisbaenia - limbless - right lung reduced - fossorial - skin moves independently for rectilinear locomotion
154
Crocodilians order and characteristics
- Crocodylia - osteoderms - all feet are webbed - 4 chambered heart - Dome pressure receptors on head
155
What is the function of the dome pressure receptors on the head of Crocodylia
-they detect surface waters, acute hearing, and smell
156
Reproduction in crocodilians
- oviparous, and construct nests underground - parental care - temp determined sex
157
Gavials or gharials (family and characteristics)
- Family: Gavialidae - 2 species - most endangered crocs - weak limbs, feed on fish - long, narrow snouts
158
Alligators and caimans (family and characteristics)
- family: Alligatoridae - 9 species - teeth of lower jaw cannot be seen
159
Crocodiles (family and characteristics)
- Family: Crocodylidae - teeth on lower jaw can be seen when mouth is closed - lingual salt glands

Herpetology (8 decks)

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