Exam 2 Flashcards
Amphibians in freshwater
- hyperosmotic
- actively sequester ions via gills and skin
Amphibians in brackish water
- Hypo-osmotic
- most amphibians would dehydrate in ocean water
How do spadefoots survive by being underground for 9 months a year
- start with a full bladder of dilute urine
- for first 7 months, their plasma and urine conc dont change
- for las 2-3 months, soil dries, toads ramp up their plasma osmolality and continue to extract moisture from soil
Cutaneous drinking
- dermal absorption of water
- primarily through the seat patch or pelvic patch or venter
- amphibians
Salamander grooves and annuli
- Costal grooves
- grooves and wrinkles on ventrum draw water from a wet surface up onto animal through capillary action
Water gains
- liquid water
- performed water
- metabolic water
Water loss
- evaporation
- urine and feces
- salt glands
Ammonotelic
-in aquatic env
Ureotelic
-in moist terrestrial env
Uricotelic
-in arid env
Aestivation
-dormancy and cocoon formation of dead epidermis or encapsulating dried mucous
Biogeography
-past and present distribution of animals
What is preformed water
-water that is derived from dietary components like starch, fat, protein
Metabolic rate in reptiles and amphibians
-generally low
O2 consumption rate in herps
-10-20% of similarly sized endothermic animals
Why do herps require much less energy overall
-lower resting rates and not at active temps much of the time
rank the metabolic rate of anurans, salamanders, and reptiles
salamanders < anurans < reptiles
-carnivores > herbivores
benefits of lower energy requirements
- lizards and snakes can go months without food between nesting seasons of birds
- geckos can store 9 months worth of food in 4 days of feeding
- spadefoot toads are active during summer and can spend 9 months underground
- lower energy requirements allow dependence on temporally clumped resources
Less oxygen required allows….
- animals to survive longer in anoxic env
- iguanas can escape predators by jumping into water and staying submerged for more than 30 min
red or dark meat
-muscles that rely primarily on oxidative respiration
Aerobic pathway: Cellular respiration/Oxidative metabolism
- break down of food into cellular energy
- oxygen and glucose must be transported thorough body
- efficient production of ATP per unit glycogen
- slow response time
Anaerobic: glycosis
- conversts cellular glycogen into lactic acid and ATP without the need for oxygen
- very fast at making small amounts of ATP
- build up of lactic acid
- temperature independent white muscle (light meat)
Variation in aerobic scope
- sit and wait predators have lower aerobic scopes than pursuit predators
- Anuran jumbers have a higher aerobic scope than hoppers (Rana vs Bufo)
What is the aerobic scope
-the difference between resting and peak metabolic rates