Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Amphibians in freshwater

A
  • hyperosmotic

- actively sequester ions via gills and skin

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2
Q

Amphibians in brackish water

A
  • Hypo-osmotic

- most amphibians would dehydrate in ocean water

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3
Q

How do spadefoots survive by being underground for 9 months a year

A
  • start with a full bladder of dilute urine
  • for first 7 months, their plasma and urine conc dont change
  • for las 2-3 months, soil dries, toads ramp up their plasma osmolality and continue to extract moisture from soil
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4
Q

Cutaneous drinking

A
  • dermal absorption of water
  • primarily through the seat patch or pelvic patch or venter
  • amphibians
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5
Q

Salamander grooves and annuli

A
  • Costal grooves

- grooves and wrinkles on ventrum draw water from a wet surface up onto animal through capillary action

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6
Q

Water gains

A
  • liquid water
  • performed water
  • metabolic water
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7
Q

Water loss

A
  • evaporation
  • urine and feces
  • salt glands
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8
Q

Ammonotelic

A

-in aquatic env

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9
Q

Ureotelic

A

-in moist terrestrial env

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10
Q

Uricotelic

A

-in arid env

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11
Q

Aestivation

A

-dormancy and cocoon formation of dead epidermis or encapsulating dried mucous

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12
Q

Biogeography

A

-past and present distribution of animals

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13
Q

What is preformed water

A

-water that is derived from dietary components like starch, fat, protein

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14
Q

Metabolic rate in reptiles and amphibians

A

-generally low

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15
Q

O2 consumption rate in herps

A

-10-20% of similarly sized endothermic animals

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16
Q

Why do herps require much less energy overall

A

-lower resting rates and not at active temps much of the time

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17
Q

rank the metabolic rate of anurans, salamanders, and reptiles

A

salamanders < anurans < reptiles

-carnivores > herbivores

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18
Q

benefits of lower energy requirements

A
  • lizards and snakes can go months without food between nesting seasons of birds
  • geckos can store 9 months worth of food in 4 days of feeding
  • spadefoot toads are active during summer and can spend 9 months underground
  • lower energy requirements allow dependence on temporally clumped resources
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19
Q

Less oxygen required allows….

A
  • animals to survive longer in anoxic env

- iguanas can escape predators by jumping into water and staying submerged for more than 30 min

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20
Q

red or dark meat

A

-muscles that rely primarily on oxidative respiration

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21
Q

Aerobic pathway: Cellular respiration/Oxidative metabolism

A
  • break down of food into cellular energy
  • oxygen and glucose must be transported thorough body
  • efficient production of ATP per unit glycogen
  • slow response time
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22
Q

Anaerobic: glycosis

A
  • conversts cellular glycogen into lactic acid and ATP without the need for oxygen
  • very fast at making small amounts of ATP
  • build up of lactic acid
  • temperature independent white muscle (light meat)
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23
Q

Variation in aerobic scope

A
  • sit and wait predators have lower aerobic scopes than pursuit predators
  • Anuran jumbers have a higher aerobic scope than hoppers (Rana vs Bufo)
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24
Q

What is the aerobic scope

A

-the difference between resting and peak metabolic rates

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25
Costs of anaerobiosis
- animal is quickly depleted (often after 2-3 min) | - recovery via breakdown or conversion of lactic acid can last hours to days
26
How do gases cross moist cell membranes
-gases can only cross cell membranes when they are dissolved in water or an aqueous solution
27
Gas exchange
- all amphibians and some reptiles can use both air and water as a respiratory medium - requires a moist membrane - drying of membranes is always a problem
28
Sites of gas exchange
- lungs (pulmonary) all reptiles, many amph | - surface of skin, pharynx, cloaca (nonpulmonary)
29
lungs and respiratory movements of turtles (pulmonary)
- negative pressure ventilation - involves increasing volume of thoracic cavity to create negative pressure - leads to a passive influx of air
30
Buccal pump (pulmonary)
- positive pressure ventilation - used by amphibians with lungs - involves the glottis, expanding and contracting of buccal cavity, and lungs
31
Snake pulmonary respiration (pulmonary)
- no diaphragm - narrow rib cage to push air out and then widening it again - apnea occurs after each breathing cycle - mostly right lung
32
Gas exchange in aquatic species
- running water carries CO2 away and brings oxygenated water in contact with skin - skin folds are used as gas-exchange structures
33
Skin appendages
- external lung hair-like filaments - appear during mating season when oxygen demands are high - can be used to supply eggs guarded by male
34
cutaneous respiration in reptiles
- up to 30% total gas exchange - via scale hinge-interscaler spaces in lizards, snakes, turtles - all gas exchange in seasnakes is cutaneous
35
Buccopharynx
- minor surface for normal respiration | - vital for long term submergence in some species like hibernation
36
Cloaca
-used in some turtles for gas exchange when submerged
37
Sites of gas exchange (pulmonary vs nonpulmonary)
- Pulmonary: lungs, negative-pressure ventilation | - Non-pulmonary: skin, gills, pharynx, cloaca
38
External fertilization in salamanders
- eggs - ancestral condition - sirenidae, cryptobranchidae, hynobiidae
39
Internal fertilization in salamanders
- ~90% of sal spp - most produce spermatophores - males attempt to interests a female to pick up sperm packet with their cloaca
40
Pheromones in salamanders
- used for reproduction - increase female receptivity - scratching pheromone delivery by two lined sal
41
sperm storage by salamanders
- accomplished by females in specialized tubules - leads to possibility of sperm competition - flexibility in terms of female mate choice - greater sexual selection may lead to evolution of courtship
42
Egg symbioses
- local phenomenon involving a unicellular green algae - found in stagnant water and soils - extremely abundant in inner envelope of eggs and gives egg masses a green hue
43
elements of egg symbioses
- -algae produces O2 - algae consume CO2 and N-rich waste produced by developing embryo - increases fitness and protection against bacteria
44
Heterochrony
-the difference between timing of development between an ancestral form and a derived one
45
Cause of heterochrony
-delayed secretion of the thyroid hormone thyroxine delays metamorphosis
46
Neoteny
- the retention of juvenille features in the adult animal | - commonly in Notophthalmus and Amybstoma
47
When can neoteny become viable
-in populations inhabiting permanent aquatic habitats where fishes are rare or absent
48
All anurans have _____ fertilization
- external (amplexus) | - internal in only a few spp
49
secondary sexual characteristics in anurans
- changes in coloration | - nuptial pad (helps male grasp around female)
50
Prolonged breeders
- permanent habitats and social systems predicated on female choice - Green frogs and bullfrogs
51
Explosive breeders
- ephemeral habitats and spp whose reproduction is strongly cued by environmental stimuli - males may emit release calls when amplexed by another male - wood frogs, spadefoots
52
Communal dumping
- wood frogs lay their eggs together - suns rays increase egg temperatures 3-5 degrees C above the surrounding temp - promotes tiny water currents through the egg masses increasing the availability of oxygen
53
anuran reproduction in tropics
- incredibly diverse - trend towards terrestriality - on leaves over water - foam nests
54
Parental care in anurans
- female dorsal pouch (Gastrotheca spp) - eggs embedded in back (pipa pipa) - carried in male vocal sacs (Darwin's frog)
55
Reproduction in caecilians
- internal fertilization via phallodeum | - can be viviparous (~75%) or oviparous
56
Parental care in caecillians
-Dermatophagy: in oviparous spp -- young feed on mothers enriched skin cells
57
ALL reptiles have ____ fertilization
-internal
58
Hydraulic intromittent organs
-hemipenes in squamates
59
hemipenes
- paired evaginations in the wall of the cloaca that are everted to expose a complex surface - one is used at a time - has spines or hooks used as anchors
60
Sperm storage
- known in all reptile groups | - especially common among turtles
61
Oviparity
- egg laying - al turtles and crocs - some squamates
62
Viviparity
- live bearing - only in squamates (snakes, lizards, and amphibaenids) - has evolved independently at least 103 times
63
Reptile eggs
- huge size variation among species (300g to .1 g) | - has two layers
64
Reptile egg structure
- Embryo - Amnion: cushion membrane - Yolk sac: nutrition - Allantois: waste sac - Chorion: membrane immediately inside shell - Albumin: egg white - Shell: hard or leathery
65
Egg teeth
- assists in hatching by splitting the inner membrane and cracking the outer membrane of the egg - it is not a true tooth and is resorbed
66
Cold env hypothesis for viviparity
-viviparity is increasingly common where the env is too cold or growing season is too short to allow normal development
67
Sex determination in reptiles
- genetic in most species | - mot turtles, crocs, tuatara, some squamates have temp sex determination
68
Type Ia TSD
-more femles than males are produced at higher temps
69
Type Ib TSD
-more males than females are produced at higher temps
70
Type II
Females are produced at low and high incubation tempes with males at intermediate temps
71
Female temp determination
- enzyme aromatase induced | - converts testosterone to estradiol which triggers more estrogen production
72
Male temp determination
- enzyme 5-reductase induced | - testosterone > dihydrotestosterone > testes development
73
Parental care
- nearly all crocs - few squamates - rare in turtles
74
Parthenogenesis
- reproduction without sex - asexual - desert grassland whiptail lizard
75
Pseudocopulation
- Aspidoscelis uniparens - one female plays the role of the male - increases gonadal activity
76
Flower pot snake
- Ramphotyphlops braminus - invasiv - a single female can start an entire new population