Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ways herps avoid detection

A
  • Crypsis (camouflage)
  • banding and striping (camo in motion)
  • longitudinal stripes (no refference points)
  • Structural camo (spines or other appendages)
  • Live camo (algae on turtles)
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2
Q

How does banding and striping work to avoid detection

A
  • creates an image of uniformly covered prey when in motion, and banded when it suddenly stops
  • its an optical illusion that causes prey to dissapear
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3
Q

How to not get eaten:

A

1) be poisonous, taste bad, or be otherwise unpalatable
2) announce your unattractiveness
3) Specialized behaviors

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4
Q

Noxious substances: amphibians

A
  • many salamanders will exude a whitish substance if stressed
  • substance from granular glands
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5
Q

Noxious substances: reptiles

A
  • usually offensive, not harmful

- snakes have paired cloacal glands that are aimed and emptied on predators

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6
Q

Aposematism

A
  • warmning advertisment
  • indicates the prey is unpalatable, or lethal
  • salamanders, frogs, snakes
  • ALL salamandrids (newts) are aposematic
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7
Q

Batesian mimic

A
  • used by red backed to mimic newt

- prey using this tecnique are palatable

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8
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

-moderatly toxic and moderatley unpalatable

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9
Q

Structural deterence

A
  • turtles and their shells

- crocs and their scales underlain by osteoderms

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10
Q

Specialized behaviors: startle predator

A
  • frilled lizard

- erratic movements, frightening displays

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11
Q

Death feigning (thanatosis)

A
  • occurs sporadically and infrequently in unrelated taxa

- some cannot locate prey without movements to guide vision

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12
Q

Caudal autonomy

A

occurs along established break points

-detatched part will wiggle and draw attention to the predator

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13
Q

Costs of autonomy

A
  • protein and fat that goes into tail replacement shunted from reproduction
  • increases chances of later predation
  • interference with locomotion
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14
Q

turtle locomotion

A
  • locomotor problems from inflexibility
  • raise themselves vertically off ground
  • support themselves on three points of contact (on a tripod)
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15
Q

advanced limb locomotion: lizards

A
  • accelerate rapidly and change direction
  • first four metatarsal bones joined tightly
  • fifth metatarsal levers foot up onto the first four metatarsals
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16
Q

Bipedal locomotion over water: lizards

A
  • most support comes from stroking the foot downwards wile expanding an air cavity underwater
  • lizard pulls foot upwards before cavity collapses
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17
Q

Autonomy of frog jump

A
  • two illa and the urostyle flex with the sacral vertebrae

- form a complex structure for massive powerfully muscled hind legs

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18
Q

Locomotion and morphology:

1) long hindlimbs
2) short hindlimbs
3) short hind and forelimbs
4) long forelimbs

A

1) jumpers or swimmers
2) walk, run, or hop
3) walker-burrowers
4) climbers

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19
Q

Climbers: adhesive toepads

A
  • adhesion occurs in contact angle is low and surfaces are sufficiently wettable
  • combines with moisture on surface (capillary action) to provide adhesion
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20
Q

Mechanisms in geckos for adhesive toes

A
  • combined adhesive force of all setae 10x greater than the max force needed to pull a live gecko off wall
  • self-cleaning
21
Q

Climbers: zygodactylous toes

A
  • pair-fingered
  • prehensile feet with opposable digits
  • found in chameleons and some frogs/lizards
22
Q

Lateral undulation

A
  • each curve of body thrusts against the rough surface of the ground
  • does not work on smooth surfaces
  • establish opposable contact points
23
Q

Rectilinear motion

A
  • snake creeps forward linearly

- common in heavy-bodied boids and vipers

24
Q

Side pushing in snake

A
  • waves pass rapidly down the body eliciting enough sliding friction to propel the body forward slowly
  • inefficient
25
Concertina locomotion
- on smooth surfaces - pilling up body on one spot and extending or drawing the rest forward - energetically inexpensive
26
Sidewinding
-example in class of snake bouncing along in the desert
27
Burrowing amphisbaenians, snakes, and skinks
-characterized by pointed, reinforced plow-like skulls
28
Caecilian locomotion
- use lateral undulation while on surface of water | - use intern concertina motion when burrowing in compacted soil
29
2 approches to aquatic locomotion
1) Oscillatory: move limbs or fins back and forth | 2) Undulatory: Produce waves of motion along the body
30
Aerial locomotion
- some arboreal anurans | - spread webbing of enlarged fore and hind limbs
31
Gliding (lizards)
- more developed in certain lizards | - spread membrane covered elongated ribs to glide up to 60m
32
Gliding in snakes
-spread ribs and create concavity on underside to slow and direct fall
33
Tuatara feeding
- carnivores - two rows of teeth on the upper jaw, one row on lower - teeth on upper overlap bottom teeth
34
Feeding in croc
- rigid skull and hinged lower jaw (akinetic) - open mouths by lifting heads - no opening force but a powerful crushing force
35
projectile feeding in sal
-tongue can shoot out 40-80% of the body length
36
Ballistic tongue projection
- pedastal-like tongue tip on floor of mouth - paired hyoid arms lie flat on floor of mouth - hyoid muscles contract and fire hyoid rod forward with tongue tip at end
37
Most powerful muscle in the animal kingdom
- giant palm salamander | - 18,000 watts/kg of muscle
38
Feeding in anurans
-genioglossus muscle aided by a fulcrum-like action from the submentalis
39
swallowing in adult anurans and salamanders
- depress their eyes while swallowing | - this may help crush prey and force prey down throat
40
suction feeding
-food buoyant and swallowing needs no saliva
41
Gape and such mechanisms require
- accurate alignment of head to prey - good timing - rapid expansion of buccal cavity to build up negative pressure and suction forces
42
Suction feeding in turtles
- head shoots forward, nostrils close, mouth gapes, esophagus opens to maintain inward flow of water - excess water filtered out through keratinized beak sheath (rhamphotheca)
43
subduing prey: constriction
- important for species lacking venom | - kills faster than would be expected if suffocation were the immediate cause of death
44
Venom delevery: front fang
- depends on saliva glands and modified teeth - venom continually produced and stored in a venom-gland chamber - when prey bitten, muscles around venom chamber collapse and send venom down duct to fang canal
45
Venom compounds used to immobilize prey
1) Cardiotoxins (affect the heart -- elapids and vipers) 2) Neurotoxins (lead to respitory collapse -- elapids) 3) Hemotoxins (destroy capillary walls, causing hemorrhage (vipers, cobra, boomslang)
46
Cranial kinesis in snakes
-usually a joint in the middle of each mandible, enabling the jaw to expand outward
47
How is swallowing achieved in snakes
-snake advances all tooth-bearing bones on one side of the head out, over, and then against the prey item to engage the teeth
48
Tadpole feeding structures
- microparticles are scraped or rasped from surface | - use several rows of keratinized teeth (labial teeth)
49
Suction feeding in tadpoles
-use mouth, buccopharyngeal cavity, and gills simultaneously for respiration and feeding