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PSIO202 > Practical 4 - Urinary > Flashcards

Practical 4 - Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the urinary system?

A

excretion of liquid wastes and exogenous substances (like ammonium and drugs)
regulation of blood pressure, volume, and pH
production of hormones (renin and erythropoietin)

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2
Q

What are the 4 main organs of the urinary system?

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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3
Q

Which kidney is lower, and why?

A

right is lower because the liver takes up more space

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4
Q

How much blood do the kidneys filter per day in men and women?

A

men- 180 L
women - 150 L

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5
Q

What are the traits of normal, fresh urine?

A

yellow to deep amber
clear/transparent in turbidity
aromatic
specific gravity 1.001-1.028
pH 4.5-8.2
1-2 L per 24 hours (1-1.3 ml per min)

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6
Q

What is the production rate formula?

A

urine volume (mL) /
time since last void (mins)

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7
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

density of urine divided by density of distilled water (aka how concentrated the urine is)

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8
Q

What is the definition of production rate?

A

amount or urine being produced per min

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9
Q

What are the normal components of urine?

A

water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine

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10
Q

What are some abnormal components of urine, and what would the presence of those things be called?

A

glucose (glucosuria)
proteins (albuminuria)
RBCs or WBCs (hematuria, pyuria)
bacteria (infection)
ketone bodies (ketonuria)
casts/precipitates

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11
Q

What are the protective layers of the kidney? What is the acronym?

A

Renal fascia
Adipose capsule
Renal capsule
(Rotten Fish Always Causes Ridiculous Constipation)

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12
Q

What are the three renal regions? Describe each of them.

A

cortex: outer portion between the capsule and medulla
medulla: the innermost part of the kidney that contains the renal pyramids
sinus: cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the calyces, renal pelvis, renal vessels, and adipose tissue

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13
Q

What is a nephron, and what are its three functions?

A

the functional unit of a kidney
filtration (blood filtered from the glomerulus into the renal corpuscle)
reabsorption (substances move from the nephron tubule back into the bloodstream)
secretion (substances move from the bloodstream into the nephron tube)

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14
Q

After flowing through the afferent arteriole, describe the flow through the nephron up until the papillary duct.

A

-enters the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
-proximal convoluted tubule
-descending limb of the nephron loop
-ascending limb of the nephron loop
-distal convoluted tubule
-collecting duct
-papillary duct

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15
Q

After nephron and reaching the papillary duct, describe the flow through the other renal structures up until excretion from they body.

A

-papillary duct
-minor calyces
-major calyces
-renal pelvis
-ureters
-bladder
-internal urethral orifice
-internal urethral sphincter
-urethra
-external urethral sphincter
-external urethral orifice
-outside body

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16
Q

What are the two types of nephrons? How can you tell them apart visually?

A

cortical - half in the cortex and half in the medulla, no vasa recta (only peritubular capillaries)
juxtamedullary - most in medulla, vasa recta present that looks like a ladder

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17
Q

Describe renal blood flow from renal artery to the glomerulus

A
  • renal artery
  • segmental artery
  • interlobar artery
  • arcuate artery
  • cortical radiate artery
  • afferent arteriole
    (into the glomerulus)
  • efferent arteriole
  • peritubluar capillaries / vasa recta
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18
Q

Describe renal blood flow from capillaries back to renal vein

A
  • peritubluar capillaries / vasa recta
  • cortical radiate vein
  • arcuate vein
  • interlobar vein
  • renal vein
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19
Q

What vessel structure is present in the arterial flow that IS NOT in the venous flow?

A

segmental veins (only in arterial, not venous)

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20
Q

What three ways do the ureters move urine?

A

peristalsis, hydrostatic pressure, and gravity

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21
Q

What is the technical name for “peeing”?
What forces urine out of the bladder?

A

micturition
detrusor muscle contracts and forces urine out

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22
Q

How does the urethra function?

A

internal/external urethral sphincters relax to allow passage of urine (internal is involuntary, while external is voluntary)

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23
Q

What are the three regions of the male urethra? What are the roles of the internal and external sphincters in males?

A

prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra

internal - prevent reflux of semen into the bladder during ejaculation
external - voluntary control over voiding urine

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24
Q

How long is the urethra in females and males?

A

females - 3-4 cm
males - 18 cm

25
Q

What is osmosis?

A

water movement from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

26
Q

Is water uptake active or passive?

A

passive

27
Q

What is the difference between absorption and reabsorption?

A

reabsorption: reabsorbed substances were already in the body and are on their way out, but are absorbed for a second time

28
Q

What is the difference between filtrate/tubular fluid and urine?

A

filtrate/tubular fluid is being modified
urine is the final product

29
Q

What type of tissue is the epithelium of the glomerulus? What is the function?

A

simple squamous, filtration

30
Q

What type of tissue is the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule? What is the function?

A

simple cuboidal with microvilli, reabsorption and secretion

31
Q

What type of tissue is the epithelium of the nephron loop (thick segments)? What is the function?

A

simple cuboidal, reabsorption and secretion

32
Q

What type of tissue is the epithelium of the nephron loop (thin segments)? What is the function?

A

simple squamous, reabsorption and secretion

33
Q

What type of tissue is the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, and papillary duct? What is the function?

A

simple cuboidal,
DCT: reabsorption and secretion
CD: some reabsorption
PD: urine

34
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

podocytes with pedicles that wrap around the capillary endothelial cells
blood plasma is filtered through filtration membrane based on size and molecular charge

35
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

volume of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys per minute

36
Q

What affects the glomerular filtration rate?

A

blood pressure in glomerulus (usually maintained by afferent/efferent arteriole diameter, important that it doesn’t get too high because this can damage the glomerulus)

37
Q

What should not pass through during glomerular filtration?

A

large molecules like albumin, and formed elements

38
Q

What is the filtration membrane made up of?

A

endothelium, basement membrane, and slit membrane (between the pedicels)

39
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

reabsorption of nutrients, solutes, and water (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, bicarbonate, Na+, K+, Cl-)

secretion of H+, nitrogenous wastes, and some drugs

40
Q

What is the function of the loop of Henle?

A

descending - only permeable to water, filtrate osmolarity increases as water leaves the tubule

ascending - permeable to solutes, less to water, filtrate osmolarity decreases as solutes leave the tubule

41
Q

What is the function of the (early) distal convoluted tubule?

A

small amounts of Na+ and Cl- reabsorbed
small amount of water follows
filtrate is more dilute than when first filtered (has less substances in it)

42
Q

What is the function of the (late) distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

A

90-95% of water and solutes are reabsorbed
secretion of K+ and H+
hormones “fine tune” the water reabsorption based on what the body needs

43
Q

How can hormones influence the function of the late distal tubule and collecting duct?

A

ADH increases the aquaporins allowing water reabsorption (passive), aldosterone increases Na+ and Cl- reabsorption so that water follows (indirect passive)

44
Q

What is facultative water reabsorption?

A

water reabsorption that can be directly controlled (such as the response to ADH)

45
Q

What is obligatory water reabsorption?

A

uncontrolled water movement by osmosis, such as in the PCT or DCT when water flows passively following solutes)

46
Q

Regarding ADH, what is the:
site of synthesis
the location that secretes it
stimulus for release
target
action
type of H2O reabsorption

A

hypothalamus synthesizes
posterior pituitary releases
released when there is low blood volume or high blood osmolarity (too much stuff in the blood)
target is collecting duct cells
inserts aquaporins to the collecting duct cells to increase water reabsorption
facultative

47
Q

Regarding aldosterone, what is the:
site of synthesis
the location that secretes it
stimulus for release
target
action
type of H2O reabsorption

A

zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex synthesizes and releases it
released when there is low blood volume or high plasma K+
targets DCT and collecting duct cells
stimulates an increase in Na+ reabsorption and water follows
obligatory

48
Q

How does alcohol affect reabsorption?

A

alcohol blocks ADH release
decrease in facultative water reabsorption
increase in excretion of dilute urine
dehydration and promotes hangover

49
Q

Study histology!

A

bladder, ureter, renal tubules, renal corpuscle and glomerulus, filtration barrier, kidney cortex

50
Q

What are the three general layers in all of the urinary histology?

A

mucosa, muscularis (inner longitudinal and outer circular), and adventitia

51
Q

What is a UTI?

A

urinary tract infection : an infection in any part of the urinary tract, but most common in the urethra and bladder

52
Q

What is the most common cause of a UTI?

A

E coli bacteria from the intestines enter the urethra and bladder from the anus

53
Q

How does bacteria cause a UTI (what does it do)?

A

bacterial colonies cause inflammation
urethritis (inflammation of the urethra)
cystitis (inflammation of the bladder)
pyelitis (inflammation of renal pelvis)
pyelonephritis (inflammation the renal nephron)

54
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of a UTI?

A

frequent and strong urge to urinate
small amounts of urine
cloudy urine
burning sensation with urination
strong smelling urine
pelvic pain

55
Q

What are the treatments for a UTI?

A

antibiotics and hydration

56
Q

What is the prevalence of UTIs?

A

1/2 women in their lifetime
1/20 men in their lifetime
older adults and infants are more vulnerable

57
Q

What are risk factors for a UTI?

A

female (shorter urethra)
sexual activity
kidney stones/blockages
suppressed immune system (diabetes)

58
Q

How can you prevent a UTI?

A

drink liquids and stay hydrates
drink cranberry juice
wipe from to back
urinate after sexual activity

PSIO202 (27 decks)

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