Practical 2 - Respiratory Flashcards
What type of tissue is in the alveoli (alveolar sacs and ducts)? Functions? Why?
Simple Squamous epithelium. Diffusion, thin single layer of cells is more easily permeable
What type of tissue is in the mouth and esophagus (larynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx)? Functions? Why?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium. Acts as a protective barrier from abrasion, allows layers to slough off without causing damage
What type of tissue is in the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi? Functions? Why?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Secretes mucus (goblet cells) and moves the mucus (cilia) to keep air humidified
What type of (non epithelial) tissue is in the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi? Functions? Why?
Hyaline cartilage. Flexibility and support so these structures don’t collapse.
What type of tissue is in the epiglottis of the larynx? Functions? Why?
Elastic cartilage. Provides strength and elasticity while also maintaining shape, which allows it to open and close to cover the trachea.
Where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium located?
internal nares, nasal concahe, nasopharynx, trachea, and primary bronchi
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?
segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles (moves to simple squamous)
Where is simple squamous epithelium located?
alveoli, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts
Where is stratified squamous epithelium located?
larynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
What type of tissue is in the segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles? Functions? Why?
Simple cuboidal epithelium. Allow a little gas exchange, mostly conducting air but moving towards gas exchange areas.
What are functions of the respiratory system?
move air in and out, clean and humidity the air, gas exchange, olfaction, pH balance, and blood pressure regulation
What are the two main components of the respiratory system? What composes each of those sections?
Upper airway - nose, external nares, nasal vestibule, nasal cavity, nasal conchae, choana, pharynx (all three)
Lower airway - trachea and lungs (primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchiles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli)
What are the borders of the nasopharynx?
internal nares to the soft palate
What are the borders of the oropharynx?
soft palate to hyoid bone
What are the borders of the laryngopharynx?
hyoid bone to esophagus
What are the three types of tonsils?
palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual
What is the other name for the choana?
posterior nasal aperatures (internal nostrils)
What are the three paired cartilages of the larynx?
arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate
What are the three single cartilage structures of the larynx?
thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis
What are the two folds in the larynx called?
superior are the vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
inferior are the vocal folds (true vocal cords)
What are most structures in the larynx made of? Which structure is different than the others?
mostly hyaline, but the epiglottis is made of elastic
Where do the true vocal cords attach?
the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
What is the shape of the tracheal cartilage?
C shaped
Where is the trachea in relation to the esophagus?
trachea is anterior
What “fills the circle” where the trachea’s C shaped cartilage ends? What is the purpose?
the trachealis muscle, which contracts and relaxes to adjust airflow
What structure is located at the tracheal bifurcation into the primary bronchi? Purpose?
the carina, a cartilage ridge which directs airflow into the bronchi
What does smoking cause?
paralyzed cilia
Which lung has 2 and 3 lobes?
right has 3, left has 2
What is the hilum?
where the vessels, nerves, and bronchi enter and exit the lungs
Which lung(s) have a horizontal and oblique fissure?
Right has horizontal and oblique, left has only oblique
What membranes surround the lungs? Is there one or two separate? Why?
parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity, visceral pleura lines the lungs, and between is the pleural cavity. There are 2 separate pleural cavities for each lung to reduce the friction they have between each other and the chest wall
What is a pneumothorax? What is a tension pneumothorax? What does it cause, and what symptoms result?
Air enters the pleural space. Tension is when the air can’t escape. This results in pressure on the lung, trachea, heart, and other structures. This leads to shortness of breath, chest pain, drop in blood pressure and O2, increase in heart rate
What is the treatment for a pneumothorax?
needle decompression
What are the causes of a tension pneumothorax?
spontaneous/simple
primary- no underlying disease
secondary - with underlying lung disease
or
traumatic - from any kind of trauma or complications from medical procedures
What is atelectasis, and what are the common causes?
full or partial collapse of 1 lung, caused by hypoventilation, compression, adhesions, or airway obstruction
Describe the branching of the bronchial tree starting with the trachea
trachea
carina
primary bronchi
secondary/lobar bronchi
tertiary/segmental bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
How many terminal bronchioles per lung?
65,000
What is the respiratory membrane? What are the layers?
The barrier between alveolar air and blood
alveolar cell
basement membrane
endothelial cell
Describe passage of air through the conducting zone
external nares, nasal cavity, internal nares, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, carina, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
What is the first component of the respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles
What is COPD? What are the two types and describe their pathophysiology.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
chronic bronchitis - inflammation of goblets (causes excess mucus) and airway
emphysema - damage to air sacs causing the walls to break down and converge or collapse, leads to less gas exchange and air getting trapped in the lungs
Symptoms of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
chronic bronchitis - cough with phlegm, cyanosis, chest infections, weight gain
emphysema - shortness of breath, wheezing, barrel chest, and weight loss
What are treatments for COPD?
O2 therapy, lifestyle changes (stop smoking), bronchodilators/steroids/inhalers, and rarely lung transplant
How are pressure and volume related?
They are inversely proportional
What happens to pressure as volume increases or decreases?
volume increases - pressure decreases
volume decreases - pressure increases
When the volume of the thorax and lungs increase, what kind of pressure is created in the lungs?
negative pressure
What pressure difference causes air to flow into the lungs?
Pressure in the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure
What pressure difference causes air to flow out of the lungs?
Pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure
What muscles contract with forced inhalation?
diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoral minor
What muscles contract with forced exhalation?
internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis
What muscles contract with quiet inhalation?
diaphragm and external intercostals
What muscles contract with quiet exhalation?
none
What are the other terms for quiet inhalation?
resting or normal inhalation
What is spirometry?
tests used to measure lung volumes and how quickly one can inhale/exhale
What are the four lung volumes?
Tidal volume, Inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume
What are the four lung capacities?
inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity
Describe tidal volume
amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath (about 500 mL)
Describe inspiratory reserve volume
Max amount of air inhaled AFTER a normal inhalation
Describe expiratory reserve volume
Max amount of air exhaled AFTER a normal exhalation
Describe residual volume
The air left in the lungs after max exhalation that can never voluntarily be exhaled
What is the purpose of residual volume?
Prevents the lungs from collapsing
What is inspiratory capacity?
TV + IRV (tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume)
**everything you can breathe in voluntarily
What is functional residual capacity?
RV + ERV (residual volume plus expiratory reserve volume)
**everything left after a normal exhale
What is vital capacity?
IRV + TV + ERV (tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume)
**the total amount you can voluntarily move in and out
What is total lung capacity?
IRV + TV + ERV + RV (tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual)
**the entire volume of your lungs, everything included
On the spirometry graph, the big peak represents —– while the dip represents —–. These come from the R/L to the R/L.
inhalation, exhalation
Right to Left
What components were included in an old spirometer?
tube, bell, water, recording pen, and rotating drum
What components are needed for a spirometer now?
nose clip, spirometer, and monitor
What pathologies would be diagnosed using a spirometer?
COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis), asthma, and pulmonary fibrosis
