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PSIO202 > Practical 4 - Repro > Flashcards

Practical 4 - Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system?

A

maturation and transportation of oocytes
site of fertilization and development of an embryo/fetus
produce milk and various hormones

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2
Q

What are the components of the female reproductive system? Are the ovaries endocrine or exocrine?

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands
ovaries are endocrine (estrogen and progesterone) and exocrine (ova)

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3
Q

What is the location of the uterus in relation to the bladder?

A

posterior and superior to the bladder

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4
Q

What is the role of the vagina?

A

receive penis and semen during intercourse

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5
Q

What is the role of the uterus?

A

house a developing fetus

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6
Q

What are the regions/features of the uterine tube?

A

isthmus - narrow portion that opens into the uterus
ampulla - middle region that is the place of fertilization
infundibulum - distal, funel shaped portion

fimbriae - finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tubes the sweep the ovulated oocyte into the uterine tube

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7
Q

Describe the regions of the uterus.

A

fundus - round, dome shaped top
body - begins below the uterine tubes and narrows as you move inferiorly
uterine cavity - space within the uterus that can house a fetus
cervix - narrowed region between the uterus and vagina
cervical canal - the space in between the internal and external os

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8
Q

What is anteflexion?

A

the forward curving position of the uterus

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9
Q

What are the layers of the uterus wall from superficial to deep?

A

endometrium (stratum functionalis and stratum basalis)
myometrium
perimetrium

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10
Q

Describe the endometrium.

A

vascular, glandular layer that changes thickness in response to hormones and is where an embryo gets implanted

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11
Q

Describe the functions of the endometrium during menstruation.

A

stratum functionalis is shed, stratum basalis forms the new functionalis layer

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12
Q

Describe the myometrium.

A

thickest layer, 3 smooth muscle sublayers (oblique, circular, and longitudinal)

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13
Q

Describe the perimetrium.

A

thin, part of the visceral peritoneum

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14
Q

What is this a slide of?

A

Uterus

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15
Q

What is this a slide of? Describe the histology.

A

Vagina
stratified squamous epithelium with a lamina propria layer underneath

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16
Q

What does the broad ligament do?

A

sheet like peritoneum that holds the ovaries and uterine tubes in place

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17
Q

What do the ovarian ligaments do?

A

hold the ovaries to the uterus

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18
Q

What do the suspensory ligaments do?

A

hold the ovaries to the pelvic wall

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19
Q

What do the round ligaments do?

A

connect uterus to labia majora

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20
Q

What do the cardinal ligaments do?

A

hold cervix to pelvic wall

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21
Q

What do the uterosacral ligaments do?

A

hold the uterus to the sacrum

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22
Q

What is the collective name for the female external genitalia?

A

the vulva, or pudendum

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23
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A

adipose tissue covering the pubic symphysis

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24
Q

What are the labia majora and labia minora?

A

majora - thick folds of skin and adipose tissue
minora - thin folds medial to the labia major, also form the prepuce/hood over the clitoris anteriorly

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25
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

the primary center of sexual stimulation

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26
Q

What is the vaginal orifice?

A

the opening to the vagina

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27
Q

What are the accessory glands of the female reproductive system?

A

the greater vestibular glands - located on each side of the vagina, secrete fluid into the lower vagina for lubrication
the paraurethral glands - located near the external urethral orifice, secrete fluid into the vestibule

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28
Q

What is the hymen?

A

a thin membrane that covers the vaginal orifice

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29
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

area enclosed by the labia minora, where the vaginal and urethral orifices are found

30
Q

What are the external structures of the breast?

A

areola - darkened area surrounding the nipple
nipple - contains lactiferous duct (channel for milk to flow out)

31
Q

What are the internal structures of the breast?

A

alveoli - milk producing glands/alveoli
lobules - clusters of milk-producing glands
lobe - several lobules that are drained by a single mammary duct

32
Q

What is the path of milk from alveoli out of the breast?

A

alveoli (within a lobule within a lobe)
mammary duct
lactiferous sinus
lactiferous duct
nipple

33
Q

Oocytes are released…

A

once a month during ovulation during the reproductive years, from puberty (~8-13) to menopause (~51)

34
Q

Describe the types of follicles in the ovary.

A

primordial follicle - small, close to ovary surface, visible nucleus
primary follicle - 1 layer of cuboidal cells
secondary follicle - 2-3 layers of cuboidal cells
tertiary follicle - multiple layers of cuboidal cells, small antrum
mature/Graafian follicle - lots of layers of cuboidal cells, large antrum that takes up >50% of the follicle

35
Q

What is the space of fluid in a mature follicle called?

A

the antrum

36
Q

What are barrier methods of contraception?

A

male and female condoms, cervical cap/diaphragm, contraceptive sponge

37
Q

What does spermicide do?

A

kills sperm, but should always be used with another form of contraceptive and can alter the vaginal microflora increasing risk of infection

38
Q

How do hormonal methods of contraception work?

A

high levels of estrogen and progesterone activate negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to stop producing LH and FSH, which leads to no ovulation

39
Q

What are short-acting hormonal methods of birth control?

A

birth control pill, patch, vaginal ring, or hormonal injection

40
Q

What are the LARC (long-acting reversible methods) contraceptives?

A

copper IUD, hormonal IUD, implant

41
Q

What are the permanent methods of contraception?

A

vasectomy, tubal ligation, or hysterectomy

42
Q

How does the emergency contraceptive pill work?

A

release a high dose of progestin

43
Q

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

A

produce, store and transport sperm
testes produce androgens (testosterone)

44
Q

Are the testes endocrine or exocrine, and what are the products?

A

endocrine - testosterone
exocrine - seminal fluid containing sperm

45
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

sac of loose skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue containing the testes

46
Q

What is the penis?

A

a copulatory organ used to deposit semen into the vagina

47
Q

What are the layers of the testes, from superficial to deep?

A

scrotum, dartos muscle, external spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, internal spermatic fascia, tunica vaginalis, and tunica albuginea

48
Q

What makes up the spermatic cord?

A

cremaster muscle, nerves, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus, lymphatic vessels, and ductus deferens

49
Q

What temperature does sperm production occur at? How is that temperature controlled?

A

35 C

contraction and relaxation of the cremaster muscle -
moves testes close/farther from the body

contraction and relaxation of dartos muscle -
wrinkle the scrotum to reduce surface area and conserve heat

pampiniform plexus -
absorb heat from the testicular artery before the blood reaches the testes

50
Q

Where is the epididymis located?

A

on top of the testicle, above the tunica albuginea but below the tunica vaginalis

51
Q

Describe the flow of sperm.

A

testes:
- seminiferous tubules (where sperm are produced)
- rete testis
- efferent ductules
epididymis:
- duct of the epididymis (where sperm are stored and mature)
ductus deferens / vas deferens
ampulla of the vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra:
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- spongy urethra

52
Q

What are the male accessory glands?

A

seminal vesicles (2), prostate gland (1), and bulbourethral/Cowper’s glands (2)

53
Q

What is the role of the seminal vesicles?

A

contains fructose (energy for sperm) and prostaglandins (aid in sperm transport)

produces 65% of semen

54
Q

What is the role of the prostate gland?

A

contains proteolytic fluid that activates sperm
produces 25% of semen

55
Q

What is the role of the bulbourethral/Cowper’s glands?

A

produce mucus to lubricate the urethra and glans penis
produces 10% of semen

56
Q

What is semen?

A

fluid from the glands that generally contains sperm and is slightly alkaline to neutralize acidity of the urethra and vagina

57
Q

What are the external structures of the penis?

A

prepuce - foreskin
shaft - elongated externally visible portion
glans - expanded head at the distal end

58
Q

What are the internal structures of the penis?

A

3 cylinders of erectile tissue: 2 corpus cavernosa, 1 corpus spongiosum

they fill with blood during arousal causing enlargement (vasodilation) and erection

59
Q

What “channel” is found within the corpus cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum?

A

cavernosa - artery of the penis
spongiosum - urethra

60
Q

When viewing the histology slides of the epididymis and the seminiferous tubules, how can you tell the difference?

A

epididymis - pseudostratified ciliated columnar, nuclei all towards the outside edge (more organized), and the center contains cilia

seminiferous tubules - more rounded cells, disorganized (nuclei everywhere), and the center contains the sperm tails

61
Q

What is the progression of spermatocytes from edges of seminiferous tubules towards the center?

A

spermatogonium
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
spermatid
spermatozoa

62
Q

When viewing a seminiferous tubule histology slide, what do the triangle structures contain?

A

interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig cells) that produce testosterone

63
Q

What is located in the epididymis? What is the role of the cilia?

A

spermatozoa (mature sperm)

cilia check sperm quality (they are not sperm tails)

64
Q

What is meiosis?

A

production of gametes (sex cells)
2 rounds of division
reduce the chromosome number by half (producing haploid daughters)

65
Q

What is a spermatogonia/oogonia?

A

cell with 46 chromosomes (diploid)

66
Q

What is a zygote?

A

a single diploid cells (46 chromosomes) produced after the combination of an oocyte and spermatozoa

67
Q

Meiosis in females is all about —— while meiosis in males is about —–

A

quality, quantity

68
Q

Describe oogenesis in females

A

oogonium with 2 single strands is released from the ovary, DNA is copied to produce 2 Xs (primary oocyte)
Meiosis 1 - during ovulation, split into two producing a polar body and a secondary oocyte (haploid)
sperm fertilizes the secondary oocyte, adding another strand
Meiosis 2 - cell splits into a polar body with 1 strand and a zygote with 2 strands

69
Q

Describe spermatogenesis in males

A

spermatogonium with 2 strands, DNA is copied to produce 2 Xs (primary spermatocyte)
Meiosis 1 - split into two identical hapolid cells, each with 1 H (secondary spermatocytes)
Meiosis 2 - each haploid splits into 2 cells (4 total) with 1 strand each called spermatids
Spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to become spermatozoa in the membrane of the seminiferous tubule

70
Q

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?

A

spermatogenesis - male gamete formation from a spermatogonium to spermatocyte (aka DNA stuff and meiosis)

spermiogenesis - last part of spermatogenesis where the spermatid gains a tail and loses extra cytoplasm to become a mature sperm cell (just a transformation, not a division)

71
Q

What is a homologous structure? What are the homologous structures of the reproductive system?

A

develop differently in males and females but originate from the same embryonic tissues

ovaries = testes
clitoris = glans penis
greater vestibular glands = bulbourethral glands
paraurethral glands = prostate gland

PSIO202 (27 decks)

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