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Bio 244 Lab > Practical #2 - Taxonomy > Flashcards

Practical #2 - Taxonomy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Taxonomy

A

The field of biology the is involved in naming, describing, and classifying organisms both fossil (extinct) and living (extant).

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2
Q

Define Classification

A

Classification is one branch of taxonomy where various things are identified and lumped together into groups. Classification orders and ranks tings into a series of hierarchical levels.

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3
Q

Define Systematics

A

The field of biology concerned with the identification of the evolutionary relationship among species through time

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4
Q

What is Phylogeny

A

Pattern of evolutionary descent of all of the taxa used in a classification of organisms

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5
Q

What is a “taxa?”

A

Monophyletic groups of organisms that can be recognized as members of the group on account of their shared characteristics

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6
Q

What is our definition of species?

A

A species is a group of organisms that potentially can interbreed and reproduce fertile offspring. This is all the -biological species concept

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7
Q

What is a population

A

A group of organisms of one species living in a defined area.

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8
Q

What are the codes for naming Animals, Plants, Bacteria?

A

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature International Code of Botanical Nomenclature International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria

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9
Q

How to scientifically name a species?

A
  • 2 parts
    • First word = genus
    • Second word = specific epithet
  • The first letter of the genus is capitilized. The second word is all lower case
  • The entire name is italicized or underlined
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10
Q

List the 7 taxonomic levels, High to low.

A

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

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11
Q

Trinomial Nomenclature

A
  • To indicate a specific subspecies a third name is used in scientific naming
  • Ex: Homo Sapiens sapiens - refers to “modern” humans
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12
Q

What is a shared characteristic?

A
  • Shared characteristics are based on easily recognizable features of the objects: their shapes, sizes, colors, or functions
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13
Q

Artificial Classification vs Natural Calssification

A
  • Artifical classifies based on a few shared features which may not have any evolutionary significance
    • Think of grouping flying vs non-flying organisms
  • Natural groups together organisms descended from common ancestors
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14
Q

What are analgous structures?

A
  • Analgous structures are similar in function, but the underlying structure and development of these structure are different
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15
Q

Describe Homology

A
  • Similarties based on shared ancestry
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16
Q

Convergent Evolution (Analogy)

A
  • Similarties that have arisen due to natural factors
    • Like white fur - protecting from predators/providing camoflouge. White fur on arctic hares and Polar bears are not homologous
17
Q

Analogous Structures

A
  • Thinkg of a bird wing and a butterfly wing
    • Both are wings, but their evolutionary and function are different
18
Q

Homologous Structures

A
  • Bird wing and bat wing as Forelimbs​
  • Homologous strucutres may have different function, but the underlying structure, development, and physiology are the smae
19
Q

Phenetics vs Cladistics

A
  • Phenetics - the calssification of a group of organisms reflects the overall similaity of the species
  • Cladistics refelcts the closeness in terms of shared characteristics from common descent from older species
20
Q

Subjective Classification

A

where some characteristic is chosen arbitrarily, or is chosen because of some utilitarian reason

21
Q

Objective Classification

A

unambiguous features to classify animals

Ex: Presence or absence of fur

22
Q

Monophyletic Taxon

A

includes the single ancestor species and all species descended from that ancestral species

23
Q

Polyphyletic Taxon

A

Missing the common ancestor of all members of the identified group

24
Q

Paraphyletic Taxon

A

Has the common ancestor and some, but not all of the descendant species.

25
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

Primitive or ancestral trait

26
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A
  • Shared primitive trait
  • Can be found in groups other than the clade being analyzed
27
Q

Apomorphy

A

Specialized or derived trait

28
Q

Synapomorphy

A
  • Derived trait shared by two or more groups in a clade
29
Q

Autapomorphy

A

Derived trait that is unique to one group in a clade

30
Q

What is 1 problem with Phenetics?

A
  • Convergent Evolution of analogous traits
  • Because of convergent evolution, similar traits that are not due to common acnestry may cause mistakes to be made when classifying
31
Q

What are 3 problems with Cladistics

A
  1. Determining what are derived traits and what are primitive traits
  2. Cladograms do not directly tell which species arose from which species
  3. Cladograms do not tell how long ago each group branched away from each other

Bio 244 Lab (13 decks)

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