Practical #2 - Bacteria and Protists Flashcards
1
Q
List the 4 organisms in Domain Bacteria
A
- Prokaryotic Organisms
- Proteobacteria
- Gram-positive Bacteria
- Spirochetes
- Cyanobacteria
2
Q
List the organisms in Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
A
- Phylum Dinoflagellata (dinoflagellates)
- Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
- Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae)
- Phylum Phaeophyta (kelps or seaweeds, brown algae)
- Phylum Euglenophyta (euglenoids)
- Phylum Rhizopoda (the ameobas)
- Phylum Kinetoplastida (The trypanosomes)
- Phylum Apicomplexa (Apicomplexans)
- Phylum Ciliata (ciliates)
3
Q
Domain Archaea
A
- Extemophiles
- High temperatures (thermophiles)
- Saltiness (Halophile)
4
Q
Different Bacteria Shapes
A
- Bacillus/Bacilli - elongated Rods
- Coccus/Cocci - circular
- Spirillum - spiral
- Strept - long chain
- Staphylo - clusters
- Diplo - connected pair
5
Q
Proteobacteria
A
- Mostly gram-negative
- Ex: Escherichia coli - E.Coli
6
Q
Gram-Positive Bacteria
A
- Produce many common antibiotics (Streptomyces
- Also can be pathogenic
- Looked like streptobaccili cells
7
Q
Spiral Shaped Bacteria (Spirochets)
A
- Helical or spiral shape
- Ex: Treponema
- bacteria that causes syphillis
8
Q
Cyanobacteria
A
- Also called - “Blue-Green bacteria”
- Autotrophic
- undergo photosynthesis (maybe not in chloroplasts though)
- Contain Chlorophyll a
- Marine and Freshwater and moist soils
- Perform Nitrogen fixation within the heterocysts
- give them the upper hand against other algae
- Ex: Anabaena
9
Q
Why are heterocyst walls thicker in cyanobacteria
A
To keep the nitrogen fixation away from the oxygen rich surroundings
10
Q
Why do Gram (+) bacteria and Gram (-) appear in different colors after a Gram stain?
A
- Gram (+) bacteria have a lare amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls which can trap the purple dye.
- Gram (-) bacteria have little peptidoglycan. They do have an outer membrane, but this outer membrane does not prevent the alcohol from washing away the dye
11
Q
What are some quick facts about Protists?
A
- Kingdom Protista
- Unicellular Eukaryotes
- Most are aquatic
- Have nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- Mitosis and meiosis
- Sexual and asexual reproduction
12
Q
Dinoflagellates
A
- Unicellular Protists
- Marine and Freshwater
- Cell wall is made of overlapping cellulose
- Pair of flagella
- Cause Red Tide
- Mixotrophic
- Phylum Dinoflagellata
13
Q
Diatoms
A
- Phylum Bacillariophyta
- algae found in marine and freshwater
- Possess Chlorophyll a and Xanthophyll
- Makes them the “Golden-brown algae”
- Hard outer cell wall made of silicon dioxide and calcium carbonates
- Look like a little disk/petri dish
14
Q
Green Algae
A
- Phylum Chlorophyta
- Contain chlorophylls a and b
- Most live in freshwater
- Ex: Volvox
- thousands of haploid, biflagellated cell with cytoplasmic connections to adjacent cells
- Capable of sexual and asexual reproduction
- diploid zygote is called zygospore
15
Q
Spirogyra (Green algae) and Conjugation
A
- Spirogyra undergoes sexual reproduction using conjugation
- Two Haploid filaments line up next to each other (+ and -) and connect
- THe connection is called a conjugation tube
- Content of (-) travel through the tube and fuse with (+)
- Zygote (2n) forms a zygospore
- Meiosis occufrs in zygospore but 1/4 nuclei actually germinates
16
Q
The Kelps
A
- Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)
- multicellular and autotrophic
- Live in shallow marine habitats
- Structure
- Holdfasts - hold the protist in place
- Stipe - stem
- Blades - leafs
- Float - air bladder helps hold blades close to surface for photsynthesis
17
Q
The Euglenoids
A
- Phylum Euglenophyta
- Usually possess 2 flagella
- Produce a unique starch - paramylon
- Have a stigma (eyespot) next to the base of the anterior flagella.
- Photosynthetic but can prey on small organism is necessary (mixotroph)
18
Q
Amoebas
A
- Phylum Rhizopoda
- Move using a pseudopodia, and for capturing food
- Found in freshwater and marine
- Free-living species are predators or scavengers
19
Q
What is a contractile vacuole?
A
- used to expel excess water from the freshwater species
20
Q
Trypanosoma
A
- Phylum Kinetoplastida or the flagellates
- Have one or more flagella
- Flagellum arises from the centriole (kinetosome) located at the anterior end
- kinetoplast is found near the kinetosome
- Transmits sleeping sickness from one animal to another by the bite of the tsetse fly (Glossina)
21
Q
Apicomplexa
A
- Phylum Apicomplexa
- All have an apical complex
- group of organelles used to penetrate host cells
- All are parasites - several Plasmodium cause Malaria
- Intracellular parasite
- Look at the cycle on pg 11-21
22
Q
Paramecium
A
- Phylum Ciliata
- Move by ciliary action
- cilia beat in coordinated fashin prepelling the organism
-
Pellicle
- Rigid outer covering outside of the cell membrane
-
Micronuclei
- Involved in sexual reproduction and conjugation
-
Macronuclei
- Involved in asexual reproduction and daily activity of the cell
23
Q
What is Fission and which protists use it?
A
- Asexcual reproduction used by Paramecium, Amoeba, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium
- Also called, binary Fission, where the nucleus undergoes mitosis and the cell subsequetnly divides into two by cytokinesis
24
Q
What is conjugation?
A
- One form of sexual reproduction
- Common in ciliates
- 2 protozoans exchange genetic material, in a way that is similar to the fusion of 2 gametes
- Fuse at the oral groove
- the 2 cells exchange haploid micronuclei.
- The 2 cells separate and go through some cell divsion to creat daughter cells