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Bio 244 Lab > Practical #1 > Flashcards

Practical #1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the commonalities between prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells?

A

Plasma membrane, All cells contain chromosomes, all cells have ribosomes, call cells have a fluid medium

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2
Q

Briefly describe the interphase:

A
  1. G1 (First Gap)
    1. Cell prepares for the replication of DNA
  2. S (Synthesis of DNA)
    1. DNA is duplicated
    2. Each chromosome has 2 sister chromatids
  3. Prepares for cell division by producing the components for the spindle apparatus
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3
Q

What are the 2 components of Cell division?

A
  1. Nuclear Division
    1. Mitosis
    2. Meiosis
  2. Cytoplasmic division
    1. Cytokinesis
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4
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Make up all of the cells of the animals body, except the gamete-producing cells (Non-reproductive cells)

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5
Q

What is a step breakdown of gamete -> Zygote

A
  • Fertilization
    • ​the process of fusing two gametes together
  • Plasmogamy
    • ​the cytoplasm of the two gametes fuse
  • Karyogamy
    • ​the two gamete nuclei fuse
  • = Zygote
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6
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A
  • process where two paretns give rise to offspring through the fusion of gametes produced by meiosis
  • Offspring have a unique combination of genees inherited from parents
  • Are not gentically identical to either parent
    • has 1/2 the genes of each parent
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7
Q

Prophase (Mitosis)

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • The nuclear membrane and bucleolus disappera
  • Centrioles move to cell poles
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8
Q

Metaphase (Mitosis)

A
  • The chromosomes move and line up at the center of the cell
    • metaphase plate
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9
Q

Anaphase (Mitosis)

A
  • The daughter chromosomes separate from each other at the centromere
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10
Q

Telophase (Mitosis)

A
  • Nuclear membrane forms around each collection of chromosomes
    • remember chromsomes traveled to poles in anaphase
  • Nuclear membrane forms
  • Chromosome begin to unwind and become chromatin
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11
Q

Cytokinesis in Plants vs Animals

A
  • Animals
    • Cleavage Furrow forms where the cell pinches into two by a ring of microfilaments around the cell equator
  • Plants
    • The cell wall basically forms in the center of two nuclei and then splits the cell
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12
Q

Prophase (Meiosis I)

A
  • Homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads
    • synapsis
  • Crossing over Happens!
  • After crossing over, four chromatids now are genetically unique
  • Spindle apparatus forms from microtubules that arise from each pole of the cell
    • Attach at kinetochores and can move tetrad around
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13
Q

Crossing Over

A
  • The exchange of corresponding segments of chromatids of homologous chromosomes
    • Happens at the chiasma (chiasmata)
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14
Q

Metaphase (Meiosis I)

A
  • Tetrads are arranged at metaphase plate
  • Homologous pairs of chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate
    • not individual chromosomes
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15
Q

Anaphase (Meiosis I)

A
  • Homologous Chromosomes separate and are pulled toward opposite poles
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16
Q

Telophase (Meiosis I)

A
  • Chromosomes move to edges until there is a haploid set at each pole.
    • Cannot be called sister chromatids since they are not identical
17
Q

Prophase (Meiosis II)

A
  • Spindle apparatus forms, attaches to kinetochores and moves the chromatids around
18
Q

Metaphase (Meiosis II)

A
  • Chromatids arranged at metaphase plate
19
Q

Anaphase (Meiosis II)

A
  • Each chromosome separate and the separate chromatids travel toward opposite poles
    • remember chromatids are not identical here
20
Q

Telophase (Meiosis II)

A
  • Separated chromatids arrive at opposite poles
  • Nuclear membranes reappear.
  • Second round of cytokkinesis then divides cytoplasm
  • At the end of meiosis - there are four haploid daughter cells
21
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • Creation of sperm
  • Results in 4 sperm
  • Partioning of cytoplasm is equal
22
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • Production of eggs
  • Occurs in ovaries
  • Results in 1 functional body
    • 2-4 polar bodies
  • Partitioning of cytoplasm is unequal
23
Q

Steps of Oogenesis

A
  • Oogonium
    • differentiates into primary oocyte
  • Meiosis I
    • Secondary Oocyte
    • 1st polar body
  • Meiosis II Starts
    • Ootid
    • 2nd polar body
  • Ovum
  • Meiosis II is not finished until sperm triggers it
24
Q

Steps of Spermatogenesis

A
  • 1 spermatogonium differentiates into a primary spermatocyte
  • Primary Spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I
    • producing two haploud secondary spermatocytes
  • Secondary spermatocyte finished meiosis II
    • Produces 4 haploid spermatids
  • Sperm or spermatozoan

Bio 244 Lab (13 decks)

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