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Bio 244 Lab > Practical #2 - Plant Form and Function > Flashcards

Practical #2 - Plant Form and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 basic types of cells in nonmeristematic tissues?

A
  • Parenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma
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2
Q

What are the attributes of a parenchyma cell?

A
  • forms much of the ground tissue
    • ​mesophyll of leaves, cortex and pith of stems
  • Living when functionally mature
  • Aid in metabolism, and storage.
    • Most epidermis and edible parts of fruits are parenchyma cells
  • Thin and flexible primary walls
    • made of cellulose
  • Developing plants use these before specializing further
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3
Q

What are the attributes of a Collenchyma Cell?

A
  • Provide support for young stems
  • Support vascular tissues, leaf veins, petioles
  • Alive at functional maturity
  • Thicker primary walls than parenchyma cells
    • composed of cellulose and pectin
    • ​Unevenly thickened
  • Think of strings in the stalks of celery
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4
Q

What are the attribute of sclerenchyma cells?

A
  • thick secondary walls
    • ​for support in non growing regions of the plant
    • made of cellulose and ligning
  • Cannot elongate
  • dead at functional maturity
  • Examples
    • vessel elements, tracheids
    • fibers and sclereids
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5
Q

What is a meristemic cell and what are the 3 types?

A
  • A cell that retains the capacity to undergo cell division
  • apical meristem
  • primary meristem
  • lateral meristem
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6
Q

What is an apical meristem?

A
  • locaed on the tips of young shoots and roots
  • Increase the length
  • these produce the primary meristem and lateral meristems!
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7
Q

What are Primary Meristems?

A
  • consist of three kinds which are produced by teh apical meristem
  • Primary meristem is responsible for primary growth (Increase in the length of stems and roots)
  • 3 types:
    • protoderm​
    • Procambium
    • Ground Meristem
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8
Q

What are the functions of the Protoderm, Procambium, Ground Meristem?

A
  • Protoderm
    • ​produces the otuer epidermis to stems and roots
  • Procambium
    • ​produces the vascular tissues in stems and roots
  • Ground Meristem
    • ​produces the ground tissues in stems and roots
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9
Q

What is the lateral Meristem?

A
  • Increases the girth of indvidual stems and roots, but not leaves
    • responsible for secondary growth
  • 2 major types
    • Vascular cambium
    • Cork Cambium
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10
Q

What is the Vascular Cambium?

A
  • prodcues tissues that increase the girth of the plant
    • particularly - secondary xylem and secondary phloem
      • ​layer and layers of secondary xylem form wood over time
        *
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11
Q

What is the Cork Cambium?

A
  • Acts to produce a thick covering for large stems and roots
    • Parenchyma cells in the cortex become he cork cambium
  • Produces Cork Cells and Secondary cortex cells
    • ​Cork Cells
      • ​have a waxy coating that acts as a barrier
      • Along with cork cambium form the periderm
    • Cortex Cells
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12
Q

What produces bark?

A
  • Scondary Phloem cells and the Periderm
  • Bark replaces the epidermis over time
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13
Q

What are the 3 types of nonmeristematic Tissues?

A
  • Dermal Tissues
  • Vascular Tissues
  • Ground Tissues
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14
Q

What do Dermal tissues consist of?

A
  • Epidermis
    • ​acts as the outer skin of the plant
  • Epidermis produces a wazy substance, cutin, that forms the cuticle.
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15
Q

What are the functions of Vascular Tissues? What are the types of Vascular Tissues

A
  • Involved in the transport of materials through the plant, upward from roots to stems and leaves and downward from leaves to roots
  • 2 types:
    • Xylem - carries xylem sap from roots to active tissues of stems and leaves
    • Phloem - carries phloem sap from one part of the plant to another
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16
Q

What are the 4 external features of a Stem?

A
  1. Node - portion of the steam from which leaves and buds and branches arise
    1. meristematic tissues are located here
  2. Internode - portion of the stem that lies between two nodes
  3. Lenticels - raised circular slit-like structures on the bark of young woody twigs that funtion in gas exchange
  4. Buds - undeveloped shoots
    1. Covered by bud scales
    2. Terminal Buds (Apical buds)
    3. Axillary buds (Lateral buds)
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17
Q

Epidermis of the stem structure

A
  • Single layer of parenchyma cells, derived from the protoderm
    • Outer wall covered with waxy substance - cutin, which forms the cuticle​​
  • Guard Cells surround the stomata…but these are most abundant on leaves
    *
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18
Q

Stem Cortex structure

A
  • multilayered, complex tissue
  • Originates from the ground meristem
  • consists mainly of collenchyma and parenchyma cells
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19
Q

Stem Vascular tissue structure

A
  • Primary Xylem, Primary Phloem, Vascular Cambium
  • Vascular tissues arise from the procambium
  • Normally condensed into bundles
  • Vascular cambium is found between the xylem and phloem (fascicular cambium)
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20
Q

Pith, Stem Structure

A
  • Located in the center of the stem and is composed of parenchyma cells, originating from the ground meristem
  • Sometimes they break down leaving the center hollow
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21
Q

What are the differences in primary tissues origins between Monocots and Eudicots

A
  • In monocots the vascular bundles are scattered thoughout the ground tissue of monocot stems.
  • Cortex and pith are indistinguishable, so all tissue derived from the ground meristem are called ground tissue
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22
Q

Phloem Transport Structures

A
  • Sieve-Tube Members
    • ​Cells that make up the phloem tube.
    • Arranged end to end
    • Contain porous end walls sieve plates
    • alive at functional maturity
      • no nuclei and ribosomes
  • Companion Cells
    • ​adjacent to and connected to sieve-tube members.
    • Retain nuclues and alive at maturity
    • Assist sieve-tube members in metabolism and function
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23
Q

How does Phloem sap move through the plant?

A
  • Translocation
    • Sugars are move through active transport into sieve tube members.
    • ATP is needed
    • Hydrostatic pressure moves the sugary solution
24
Q

How does Xylem Sap move through the plant?

A
  • Transpiration or Evapotranspiration
    • ​Hydrogen bonds between adjacent water molecules occur through the plant to the roots
    • As a water molecule evaporates from the stomata of leaves, it “tugs” on the next water molecule to pull it up
    • Requires no ATP
25
Q

What are Tracheids and Vessel Elements

A
  • Both are involved in moving Xylem sap throughout the plant
  • Tracheids
    • ​long, thin cells.
    • Secondary walls are strengthened with Lignin
  • Vessel Elements
    • ​wider, shorter, thinner-walled than tracheids
    • Aligned end to end called xylem vessels
26
Q

What is the Interfascicular Cambium

A
  • Meristemic tissue develops between the vascular bundles (Phloem and Xylem)
  • Becomes continuous with fascicular cambium
    • These form a continuous ring around the stem called vascular cambium
27
Q

Where does secondary xylem and phloem originate from?

A
  • When the fascicular cambium and the interfascicular cambium fuse to form the vascular cambium…cells produced from this tissue differentiate as secondary xylem and secondary phloem
    • ​These also form a complete ring
  • Wood is made of secondary Xylem
28
Q

Where does the cork cambium originate from?

A
  • Cork cambium (also called phellogen) is another lateral meristem that forms from parenchyma of the cortex
    • this is outside of the vascular cambium and its derivatives
  • The cork cambium, cork and secondary phloem form bark
29
Q

Secondary Growth: Eudicots vs Monocots

A
  • Eudictos typically have true secondary growth with vascular cambium, cork cambium, and bark
  • Monocots usually dont have secondary growth
30
Q

Describe the difference between Spring Wood and Summer Wood

A
  • Due to different climates the xylem forms differently in woody eudictos
  • During the spring, they are less dense and larger (Spring Wood)
  • During the summer, smaller cells and thicker walls (Summer wood)
31
Q

Describe the process of Secondary growth in Stems.

A
  • secondary xylem and secondary phloem form a cork cambium in the outer cortex
    • ​with gives rise to the periderm
    • Cork-cells are made here and are impregnated with compouded called suberin
      • ​waterproofing agen
  • Eventually the epidermis and outer cortical layers are dropped off
32
Q

Rays are located in the Xlyem, what do they do?

A
  • Allow the lateral conduction of water and nutrients across the stem
33
Q

What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood

A
  • Heartwood - It is the discolored center of a woody stem. The xylem cells have died and stopped working
    • Mainly there for support now
  • Sapwood - Outer lighter colored region
    • functions in mechanical support and transport
34
Q

Diferrent Types of Stems

A
  • Stolon - horizontal stems (like the runners in strawberries
  • Rhizomes - underground horizontal stems
  • Tendrils - grapes
  • Tubers - potatotes
  • Bulbs - collection of modified leaves, onions
  • Corms - short underground stems for food storage….gladiolus?
35
Q

Describe Leaf Venation

A
  • The arrangement of veins, composed of vascular tissues like phloem and xylem, in the blade is called venation
  • 2 types:
    • Net-like
    • Parallel
36
Q

What is the mesophyll?

A
  • the phtotsynthetic parenchyma between the upper and lower epidermis of the blade
37
Q

What is Palisdae mesophyll (Eudicots)?

A
  • (Palisade parenchyma)
  • one or more layer of elongated photosynthetic parenchyma cells lie adjacent to the upper epidermis
38
Q

What is Spongy mesophyll (Eudictos)?

A
  • (Spongy parenchyma)
  • Loosely organized photosynthetic parenchyma cells between the palisade mesophyll and the lower epidermis
39
Q

Differences between Monocot Leaves and Eudicot Leaves

A
  • Monocot leaves
    • Stomata are spread evenly on upper and lower surface of the blade
    • There is no differntiation into palisade and spongy mesophyll
  • Eudicot
    • Stomata are on the lower epidermis
    • Mesophyll is differentiatiated into spong and palisade
40
Q

What is Abscission and Where does it occur on a plant?

A
  • Plants whose leaves drop periodically are called deciduous plants
  • The process of leaf shedding = abscission
    • An abscission zone develops at the base of the petiole with the formation of a protective layer separation layer
    • wind knocks off the leaf and a leaf scar is formed
41
Q

What is the difference between primary and lateral roots?

A
  • Primary roots - the first of the vegetative organs to emergy from the germinating seed​
  • Lateral root - growth and development of the root system…off of the primary root
42
Q

What is the root cap?

A
  • thimble like structure composed of rather looseyl arranged parenchyma cells that covers the root apex
  • \no equivalent in stems
43
Q

What are the 3 zones to a young root/shoot?

A
  • Region of division
  • Region of Cell elongation
  • Region of Differentiation
    • ​region of maturation
44
Q

What is the region of division in roots?

A
  • compact tissue immediately behind the root cap composed of small cells
  • Also called the meristematic region
45
Q

What is the region of elongation in the roots? What are the 3 primary meristems found here?

A
  • Protoderm - single layer of cells that will differentiate into the epidermis
  • Ground Meristem - several cell layers thick and extend from protoderm to near the center
    • produces cortex and endodermis
  • Procambium - comprised of several cell layer in the central region
    • will give rise to the tissues of the stele (vascular tissues)
46
Q

Where is the region of differentiation in roots and what comprises it?

A
  • it is also known as the root hair zone and is adjacent to the region of elongation, further up the root
  • Root Hairs and other cells take their final form here. Theses are the primary tissues
    *
47
Q

Epidermis of the root

A
  • derived from the protoderm and consists of a single layer of parenchyma cell
  • Normally lack a cuticle
48
Q

Cortex of the root

A
  • broad area of parenchyma cells derived from the ground meristem
  • located interior to the epidermis and includes the endodermis
49
Q

Endodermis of the Root

A
  • single layer of cells characterized by Casparian strip
    • ​Casparian strip refers to an area of cell wall that has been secondarily thickened with lignin and waterproffed with suberin
  • Surrounds the stele and regulates which minerals pass from cortex to vascular tissue
50
Q

What is the Pericycle of the root?

A
  • Layer of cells just inside the endodermis
  • Derived from the procambium
  • Lateral roots are created by the pericycle
51
Q

What is primary phloem of the root?

A
  • complex tissue derived from the procambium that occurs in strands between the radiating arms of the priary xylem
52
Q

What is the vascular cambium in roots?

A
  • consists of undifferentiated procambrial cells between the primary xylem and phloem.
  • Appear rectangular
53
Q

What is the primary Xylem of the roots?

A
  • Complex tissue derived from the procambium that occupies teh center of the root
54
Q

Is there pith in the roots of angiosperms?

A
  • pith region consisting of parenchyma cells is normally in monocot roots
55
Q

What is the stele in roots?

A
  • Central part of the root. It includes all tissues inside the cortex
    • pericycle
    • vascular tissues
    • Pith center - in monocots
56
Q

What is the hypodermis in Roots?

A
  • the outermost layer or layers of cortex cells
  • Can be found in stems and roots
  • Helps the plant retain water

Bio 244 Lab (13 decks)

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