practical 2

Question 1

spiracle

Answer 1

dogfish
modified first gill slit
water thru spiracle passively to mouth to allow breathing while eating

Question 2

gill rakers

Answer 2

perch, dogfish

strainers to remove debris from clogging respiration

Question 3

pyloric sphincter

Answer 3

dogfish
separates stomach and small intestine
controls food passage to duodenum

Question 4

spiral valve

Answer 4

dogfish
increase SA
slow digestion

Question 5

rectal gland

Answer 5

dogfish

secretes salt into rectum to help osmoregulate

Question 6

liver

Answer 6

metabolic center
energy storage
detoxification
bile synthesis

Question 7

spleen

Answer 7

makes, stores, destroys blood

filters blood

Question 8

pyloric ceca

Answer 8

perch

pouch that increases SA

Question 9

swim bladder

Answer 9

perch

bouyancy

Question 10

eustachian tube opening

Answer 10

frog

equalizes pressure change in ear when swimming

Question 11

glottis

Answer 11

frog, pigeon, cat
controls air flow
breath and vocals

Question 12

pancreas

Answer 12

secretes enzymes to small intestine to help breakdown

Question 13

crop

Answer 13

bird
part of esophagus to store food
produce pigeon milk for young

Question 14

proventriculus

Answer 14

bird
stomach
chemical digestion

Question 15

gizzard

Answer 15

bird
stomach
mechanical digestion
with pebbles

Question 16

syrinx

Answer 16

bird

pharynx vocalization

Question 17

air sac

Answer 17

bird
air from bronchi to air sacs
increases oxygen exchange and flow
unidirectional

Question 18

epiglottis

Answer 18

cat
mammals only
guards glottis
stops food going to pharynx

Question 19

gallbladder

Answer 19

releases bile

Question 20

diaphragm

Answer 20

separates chest and abdomen

causes inhale

Question 21

large intestine

Answer 21

extract o2 and electrolytes

control defecation

Question 22

caecum

Answer 22

absorb fluid + salt

Question 23

rectum

Answer 23

receive stool and hold

Question 24

larynx

Answer 24

voice box

Question 25

bird ventral muscles

Answer 25

pectoralis major supracoracoideus (inside pectoralis) external oblique

Question 26

bird dorsal muscles

Answer 26

``` biventor cervicus (neck) rhomboideus (btwn latissmus) latissmus dorsi illiotibialis (below rhomb) dorsalis scapulae (above illiotibialis) ```

Question 27

bird arm muscles

Answer 27

``` deltoideous major (dorsal) propatagium and biceps slip (dorsal) biceps and triceps brachi (ventral) ```

Question 28

bird thigh muscles

Answer 28

``` sartorius (dorsal and ventral top) quadriceps femoris (ventral below sartorius) ambiens (hole) adductor longus (bottom ventral) semimibreanous (below adductor) ```

Question 29

bird calf muscles

Answer 29

``` gastrocnemius (inside most) tibialis anterior (shin outside) flexor perforans (dorsal middle) peroneus longus (lower middle dorsal) ```

Question 30

cat ventral muscles

Answer 30

``` pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, xiphihumeralis pectoantebrachialis latissmus dorsi (lateral) external, internal oblique transverse abdominis (deep to oblique) serratus ventralis (armpit) ```

Question 31

cat neck / face muscles

Answer 31

``` masseter (cheek) mylohyoid (under digastric) geniohyoid (under mylohyoid) sternohyoid (below mylowhoid) sternomastoid (lateral to sternohyoid) ```

Question 32

cat thigh muscles

Answer 32

``` sartorius gracilis semimembranosus (under biceps femoris) rectus femoris (deep to sartorius) biceps femoris gluteus medius gluteus maximus ```

Question 33

cat calf muscles

Answer 33

gastrocnemius | tibialis complex