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CVA > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

classifications

A

Kingdoms: ANIMALIA, fungi, protista, plantae, bacteria, archaea
Phyla: CHORDATA, arthropoda, cnideria, echinodermata
Subphylum: VERTEBRATA, cephalocordata, urochordata
Class: MAMMALIA, aves and reptilia, amphibia, osteichthyes (bony fish), chondrichthyes (cartil. fish)

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2
Q

sister group and ougroup

A

sister: most closely related (echinoderms and chordates)
outgroup: group least like others (echinoderms)

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3
Q

chordates

A

have/had notochord (cartilaginous rod, can become spine)
dorsal hollow nerve cord (becomes spinal cord)
pharyngeal slits (gas exchange, gills or pharynx)
post anal tail

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4
Q

clade

A

monophyletic group
includes all descendants of common ancestor
determined by nodes

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5
Q

basal

A

first group
basal vertebrate is pikaia
basal jaw is placoderm

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6
Q

subphylum chordata

A

cephalochordate - amphioxus
urochordate - tunicate or sea squirt (colonial, green blood, cellulose, adults lose all chordate features)
vertebrate - all have exoskeleton

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7
Q

synapomorphy

A

new characteristics shared later

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8
Q

jawless vertebrates

A

hagfish, lamprey
have spine, no jaw –> secondary loss
cyclostomes or agnathans

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9
Q

gnathostomes

A

jawed fish

placoderm = jaw origination, armored bony fish

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10
Q

permian extinction

A

250 mya
lava flows, greenhouse gases
most of ocean and land life killed (kills synapsids, opens spot for dinos)
KT extinction kills dinos –> mammal diversity
leads to mammal diversity

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11
Q

cambrian explosion

A

oxygen allows diversification of body plan
pikaia
first living thing to leave water: fungus, then plants, worms, arthro, vert

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12
Q

tetrapods

A

4 footed
amphibia, reptilia, mammalia
tiktaalik = transitional fossil from water to land
homologous structures in fin and hand
amniotic egg development for land
extra embryonic membranes = protect, supply gases, and feed
longer development –> better protection
amphibians are between aquatic and terrestrial
big AR after tetrapods leave water

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13
Q

homologous structure

A

originate from ancestor

fin and hand

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14
Q

synapsid

A

1 temporal fenestra
mammals
before dinos –> extinct after permian –> disaster taxa lystrosaurus mammal ancestor and AR

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15
Q

diapsid

A

2 temporal fenestra

early reptiles

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16
Q

anapsid

A

no temporal fenestra

turtles

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17
Q

synapsid hearing

A

from jaw evolution
early synapsid moves only lower jaw (dentary and angular)
dentary turns into lower jaw
guadrate articular becomes squamosal dentary
guadrate becomes incus (ear)
articular becomes middle ear malleus
reptiles only have stapes –> jaw transformed 2 bones for hearing
mammals need better hearing because of nocturnal

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18
Q

amniote

A

reptiles/birds
mammals
not all tetrapods are amniotes
anapsid, synapsid, diapsid

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19
Q

glands

A 
epidermal
produce material to secrete
sweat, oil, poison, mucus
aquatic unicellular
sebaceous = oil
eccrine and apocrine = sweat
poison glands in all amphibians (dendrobatidae)
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20
Q

epithelial tissue

A

makes up epidermis

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21
Q

epidermis

A

very tight cells
avascular (except in amphibians)
protects
2 epidermis coverings: mucus (fish) and keratinized cells
nuclei degenerate towards superficial
stratum corneum (superficial) and basal layer (deep)

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22
Q

stratum corneum

A

superficial dead layer epidermis

shedding without energy

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23
Q

basal layer

A

deepest layer epidermis

lies on basement membrane

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24
Q

keratin

A

protein that hardens the cell and makes it waterproof
epidermis stratum corneum
keratin teeth (lamprey/hagfish), nails, hair
produced by keratinocytes

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25
Q

sweat glands

A

eccrine

apocrine - signalling/pheromones

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26
Q

aposematic coloring

A

warning color

epidermal gland

27
Q

epidermal structures

A

hair (only in mammals)
feathers
nails, hoofs, horns, claws

28
Q

feathers

A

epidermal
nonliving, avascular, keratin
hooks allow constant surface
protofeathers = single filament (dino)
more complex feathers existed with protofeathers
feather development from epidermis invagination
purpose: thermoregulation and signalling

29
Q

melanocytes

A

endotherms (birds/mammals)
epidermal pigment
deposit melanin to cells in basal layer

30
Q

melanophores

A

ectotherms (reptiles, fish, amphibians)

epidermal pigment

31
Q

melanin

A

created by melanocytes
moves with nuclear degradation to stratum corneus
granule size, amount, position determine color
nuclear cap = granules protect nucleus from UV radiation

32
Q

feather color

A

pigment and structure interaction
pigment = chemical that absorbs and reflects waves (melanin)
structure = crystal structures that refract light (keratin)
black/brown is just melanin
blue is melanin interaction with keratin spongy layer
iridescence from pigment and structure interaction
color in barbules, not dermis or barbs
can only change with molting
iridescence controlled by melanin shape (rods/platelets) or hollowness in barbules

33
Q

pigments

A

melanin - blacks browns, in tips of feathers for strength

carotenoids - yellow orange from diet

34
Q

contour feathers

A

body feathers

35
Q

alulua

A

tiny feather to keep air smooth

36
Q

melanosome

A

packets of melanin

fossilized feathers and skin show melanin packing in melanosomes - color deduction

37
Q

dermis

A

sits on top of fat
vascular, alive
thicker than epidermis
matrix
collagen and elastin = connective tissue providing flexibility
can form dermal bone (turtles, crocodiles, armadillos, extinct fish - ostracoderms and placoderms)
ectotherm pigment and metachrosis

38
Q

ostracoderms

A

jawless fish with headshield

dermal bone

39
Q

placoderm

A

jaw fish with bony head place

dermal bone

40
Q

fish scales

A

dermal bone
ctenoid (perch), cycloid, ganoid, placoid (dogfish or chondricthyes)
placoid scales homologous with teeth, have enameloid epidermal cover, pulp cavity and dentin are dermal
bony fish scales covered in non keratinized epidermal layer protected by mucus

41
Q

dermal color

A

ectotherms

chromatophores produce pigments

42
Q

chromatophores

A 
produce pigments
erythrophore - red
xanthophore - yellow
iridophore - reflective
melanophore - black/brown
melanophore dispersion into upper layers makes darker colors
43
Q

metachrosis

A

rapid pigment change
peacock flounder and chameleon
photonic crystal interacts with pigments

44
Q

photonic crystals

A 
dermal metachrosis
structural organization that refracts light
structural blue in feathers
crystal spacing changes color
larger spacing is relaxed - green
sexual dimorphism
45
Q

peacock flounder

A 
fish that lives on lateral surface
eye migrates to lateral side
uses color change for predator + prey
matches sand color and pattern
only melanin
46
Q

scale evolution

A

lobe finned fish –> lose scales (friction, thermo) –> tiktaalik –> tetrapods
tetrapods (amphibians) –> new scales (epidermal) –> reptiles
birds and reptiles have epidermal scales - sheet with hinge for flexibility and prevent water loss
fish have dermal scales
osteoderm - dermal thickening from dermal scales in epidermal scales

47
Q

bone formation

A

intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification

48
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

dermal bone formation
small, simple
flat bones - start of skull, fish scales
direct

49
Q

endochondral ossification

A 
vascular
cartilage scaffolding intermediary
most cart. ossified
some remain in growth plates and joints 
long bones and bone majority
50
Q

mesenchyme

A

builder cells in animal tissue
complex of loose cells in matrix
give rise to connective tissue

51
Q

skeleton division

A

axial - skull, spine, notochord
appendicular - girdle and limbs
cranial - axial

52
Q

skull purpose

A

protect brain and sensory
mastication
gill support
air filtering and humidfying

53
Q

chondrocranium

A

cartilage part of skull
supports brain/sensory
chondrichtyes
lost in humans - scaffold for dermatocranium in embryo

54
Q

splanchnocranium

A

jaw and gill arches
oldest
endochondral ossification

55
Q

dermatocranium

A

external sheet
intramembranous ossification
dermal
most of human skull

56
Q

branchial arches

A

gill arches

57
Q

ostracoderm

A

first “true” fish
jawless
dermal shield
wiped out by mass extinction and jaw evolution

58
Q

bird skulls

A

large orbit
no teeth
lightweight skull
shrunken chondrocranium

59
Q

placoderm

A 
jaw origination
first copulatory organ = claspers
scissor blade jaw - disappears with placoderm
dermal bone teeth
appeared during silurian
has gnathal plates (first teeth)
entelognathus and qilinyu
60
Q

gnathal plates

A

dermal bone for cutting
placoderm jaw
beginning of dentary proven by qilinyu

61
Q

entelognathus

A

maxillate placoderm with tripartite jaw

first dentary bone

62
Q

qilinyu

A

placoderm jaw transition fossil
tripartite jaw
older than entelognathus

63
Q

jaw evolution

A

1st branchial arch forms jaw
99% vert have jaws
not from chondricthyes - secondary loss of bone

CVA (4 decks)

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