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CVA > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

classifications

A

Kingdoms: ANIMALIA, fungi, protista, plantae, bacteria, archaea
Phyla: CHORDATA, arthropoda, cnideria, echinodermata
Subphylum: VERTEBRATA, cephalocordata, urochordata
Class: MAMMALIA, aves and reptilia, amphibia, osteichthyes (bony fish), chondrichthyes (cartil. fish)

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2
Q

sister group and ougroup

A

sister: most closely related (echinoderms and chordates)
outgroup: group least like others (echinoderms)

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3
Q

chordates

A

have/had notochord (cartilaginous rod, can become spine)
dorsal hollow nerve cord (becomes spinal cord)
pharyngeal slits (gas exchange, gills or pharynx)
post anal tail

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4
Q

clade

A

monophyletic group
includes all descendants of common ancestor
determined by nodes

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5
Q

basal

A

first group
basal vertebrate is pikaia
basal jaw is placoderm

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6
Q

subphylum chordata

A

cephalochordate - amphioxus
urochordate - tunicate or sea squirt (colonial, green blood, cellulose, adults lose all chordate features)
vertebrate - all have exoskeleton

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7
Q

synapomorphy

A

new characteristics shared later

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8
Q

jawless vertebrates

A

hagfish, lamprey
have spine, no jaw –> secondary loss
cyclostomes or agnathans

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9
Q

gnathostomes

A

jawed fish

placoderm = jaw origination, armored bony fish

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10
Q

permian extinction

A

250 mya
lava flows, greenhouse gases
most of ocean and land life killed (kills synapsids, opens spot for dinos)
KT extinction kills dinos –> mammal diversity
leads to mammal diversity

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11
Q

cambrian explosion

A

oxygen allows diversification of body plan
pikaia
first living thing to leave water: fungus, then plants, worms, arthro, vert

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12
Q

tetrapods

A

4 footed
amphibia, reptilia, mammalia
tiktaalik = transitional fossil from water to land
homologous structures in fin and hand
amniotic egg development for land
extra embryonic membranes = protect, supply gases, and feed
longer development –> better protection
amphibians are between aquatic and terrestrial
big AR after tetrapods leave water

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13
Q

homologous structure

A

originate from ancestor

fin and hand

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14
Q

synapsid

A

1 temporal fenestra
mammals
before dinos –> extinct after permian –> disaster taxa lystrosaurus mammal ancestor and AR

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15
Q

diapsid

A

2 temporal fenestra

early reptiles

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16
Q

anapsid

A

no temporal fenestra

turtles

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17
Q

synapsid hearing

A

from jaw evolution
early synapsid moves only lower jaw (dentary and angular)
dentary turns into lower jaw
guadrate articular becomes squamosal dentary
guadrate becomes incus (ear)
articular becomes middle ear malleus
reptiles only have stapes –> jaw transformed 2 bones for hearing
mammals need better hearing because of nocturnal

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18
Q

amniote

A

reptiles/birds
mammals
not all tetrapods are amniotes
anapsid, synapsid, diapsid

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19
Q

glands

A 
epidermal
produce material to secrete
sweat, oil, poison, mucus
aquatic unicellular
sebaceous = oil
eccrine and apocrine = sweat
poison glands in all amphibians (dendrobatidae)
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20
Q

epithelial tissue

A

makes up epidermis

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21
Q

epidermis

A

very tight cells
avascular (except in amphibians)
protects
2 epidermis coverings: mucus (fish) and keratinized cells
nuclei degenerate towards superficial
stratum corneum (superficial) and basal layer (deep)

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22
Q

stratum corneum

A

superficial dead layer epidermis

shedding without energy

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23
Q

basal layer

A

deepest layer epidermis

lies on basement membrane

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24
Q

keratin

A

protein that hardens the cell and makes it waterproof
epidermis stratum corneum
keratin teeth (lamprey/hagfish), nails, hair
produced by keratinocytes

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25
sweat glands
eccrine | apocrine - signalling/pheromones
26
aposematic coloring
warning color | epidermal gland
27
epidermal structures
hair (only in mammals) feathers nails, hoofs, horns, claws
28
feathers
epidermal nonliving, avascular, keratin hooks allow constant surface protofeathers = single filament (dino) more complex feathers existed with protofeathers feather development from epidermis invagination purpose: thermoregulation and signalling
29
melanocytes
endotherms (birds/mammals) epidermal pigment deposit melanin to cells in basal layer
30
melanophores
ectotherms (reptiles, fish, amphibians) | epidermal pigment
31
melanin
created by melanocytes moves with nuclear degradation to stratum corneus granule size, amount, position determine color nuclear cap = granules protect nucleus from UV radiation
32
feather color
pigment and structure interaction pigment = chemical that absorbs and reflects waves (melanin) structure = crystal structures that refract light (keratin) black/brown is just melanin blue is melanin interaction with keratin spongy layer iridescence from pigment and structure interaction color in barbules, not dermis or barbs can only change with molting iridescence controlled by melanin shape (rods/platelets) or hollowness in barbules
33
pigments
melanin - blacks browns, in tips of feathers for strength | carotenoids - yellow orange from diet
34
contour feathers
body feathers
35
alulua
tiny feather to keep air smooth
36
melanosome
packets of melanin | fossilized feathers and skin show melanin packing in melanosomes - color deduction
37
dermis
sits on top of fat vascular, alive thicker than epidermis matrix collagen and elastin = connective tissue providing flexibility can form dermal bone (turtles, crocodiles, armadillos, extinct fish - ostracoderms and placoderms) ectotherm pigment and metachrosis
38
ostracoderms
jawless fish with headshield | dermal bone
39
placoderm
jaw fish with bony head place | dermal bone
40
fish scales
dermal bone ctenoid (perch), cycloid, ganoid, placoid (dogfish or chondricthyes) placoid scales homologous with teeth, have enameloid epidermal cover, pulp cavity and dentin are dermal bony fish scales covered in non keratinized epidermal layer protected by mucus
41
dermal color
ectotherms | chromatophores produce pigments
42
chromatophores
``` produce pigments erythrophore - red xanthophore - yellow iridophore - reflective melanophore - black/brown melanophore dispersion into upper layers makes darker colors ```
43
metachrosis
rapid pigment change peacock flounder and chameleon photonic crystal interacts with pigments
44
photonic crystals
``` dermal metachrosis structural organization that refracts light structural blue in feathers crystal spacing changes color larger spacing is relaxed - green sexual dimorphism ```
45
peacock flounder
``` fish that lives on lateral surface eye migrates to lateral side uses color change for predator + prey matches sand color and pattern only melanin ```
46
scale evolution
lobe finned fish --> lose scales (friction, thermo) --> tiktaalik --> tetrapods tetrapods (amphibians) --> new scales (epidermal) --> reptiles birds and reptiles have epidermal scales - sheet with hinge for flexibility and prevent water loss fish have dermal scales osteoderm - dermal thickening from dermal scales in epidermal scales
47
bone formation
intramembranous ossification | endochondral ossification
48
intramembranous ossification
dermal bone formation small, simple flat bones - start of skull, fish scales direct
49
endochondral ossification
``` vascular cartilage scaffolding intermediary most cart. ossified some remain in growth plates and joints long bones and bone majority ```
50
mesenchyme
builder cells in animal tissue complex of loose cells in matrix give rise to connective tissue
51
skeleton division
axial - skull, spine, notochord appendicular - girdle and limbs cranial - axial
52
skull purpose
protect brain and sensory mastication gill support air filtering and humidfying
53
chondrocranium
cartilage part of skull supports brain/sensory chondrichtyes lost in humans - scaffold for dermatocranium in embryo
54
splanchnocranium
jaw and gill arches oldest endochondral ossification
55
dermatocranium
external sheet intramembranous ossification dermal most of human skull
56
branchial arches
gill arches
57
ostracoderm
first "true" fish jawless dermal shield wiped out by mass extinction and jaw evolution
58
bird skulls
large orbit no teeth lightweight skull shrunken chondrocranium
59
placoderm
``` jaw origination first copulatory organ = claspers scissor blade jaw - disappears with placoderm dermal bone teeth appeared during silurian has gnathal plates (first teeth) entelognathus and qilinyu ```
60
gnathal plates
dermal bone for cutting placoderm jaw beginning of dentary proven by qilinyu
61
entelognathus
maxillate placoderm with tripartite jaw | first dentary bone
62
qilinyu
placoderm jaw transition fossil tripartite jaw older than entelognathus
63
jaw evolution
1st branchial arch forms jaw 99% vert have jaws not from chondricthyes - secondary loss of bone

CVA (4 decks)

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