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CVA > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

dentition

A

heterodont - varying shapes, mammals, specialization

homodont - same shape, crocodiles

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2
Q

cranial kinesis

A 
skull movement/flexibility
bony fish - suction feeding
snakes - remove articulation between jaws
parrots - elevate and protract mandible
akinetic - no jaw movement
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3
Q

axial skeleton

A

ribs, sternum, laryngeal skeleton (hyoid), vertebra

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4
Q

intervertebral disks

A

from notochord (cartilage, all chordate embryo)
all vertebrates
bipedal nature of humans compress vertebra disks –> lumbar pressure

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5
Q

vertebral section diversity

A

more specialization from fish –> early tetra –> late tetra –> mammal
cervical region increases - more mobility
spinuous processes decrease in size
haemal spines lost

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6
Q

fish axial

A

just trunk and caudal
vertebra same size and shape
myoskeletal support
vertebral structure (hemal and neural arch) from primitive gnathostome

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7
Q

myoskeletal support

A

additional bones

support fins in bony fish

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8
Q

hemal canal

A 
ventral
housed in hemal arch 
protects blood vessels
bony fish
humans dont have hemal arch
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9
Q

neural canal

A

neural arch
dorsal
spinal cord thru neural canal

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10
Q

transverse process

A

muscle attachment

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11
Q

vertebral body/centrum

A

notochord incorporated

ventral to spinal cord

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12
Q

dorsal arch

A

spinal cord

humans

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13
Q

amphibian axial

A

only 1 cervical vertebra - atlas

trunk with no differentiation

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14
Q

reptile axial

A

cervical vertebrae, undifferentiated trunk, sacral and caudal
developed caudal
atlas and axis

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15
Q

bird axial

A 
differentiated trunk (thoracic, lumbar)
long cervical for flexibility
caudal and sacral
fusion of sacral vert in synsacrum (thoracic, lumbar, sacral, pelvis)
fusion provides flight stability
pneumatic bones 
axial and appendicular fusion
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16
Q

pneumatic bones

A

hollow bones with struts

birds for weight reduction

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17
Q

mammal axial

A 
7 cervical vertebrae
trunk differentiation
cervical, thorax, lumbar, sacral, caudal
thoracic articulate with ribs
lumbar have greater flexibility
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18
Q

heterocoelous

A

vertebra with specialization and flexibility
birds and turtles
rigid bodies need flexible necks
dorsoventral rotation

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19
Q

ribs

A 
cage to protect viscera
attach at 2 points and sternum
endochondral formation
articulate with vertebral column
snakes with most ribs
frogs lack ribs
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20
Q

sternum

A

ventral ossified structure
not in snakes or fish
varies highly (carina)
comes from mid ventral connective tissue

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21
Q

proganochelys

A

most recent turtle transition form

has most t shaped ribs for constant surface

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22
Q

eunotosaurus

A

most ancient turtle transition form
proto turtle
still has individual gastralia, but broadening carapace
forms t-shaped ribs, found in burrows, expanded rips help ground weight

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23
Q

intercostal muscles

A

muscles between ribs

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24
Q

how did turtle get its shell?

A

loss of intercostal muscle with rib expansion
gastralia expansion related to plastron
girdles are inside the rib cage
shell starts as burrowing support
plastron and carapace expand and get covered by epidermal scutes
development of t shaped ribs for constant surface

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25
Q

gastralia

A

ventral dermal bone

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26
Q

plastron

A

turtle ventral shell

formed by gastralia (unique to reptiles)

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27
Q

carapace

A

turtle dorsal shell
rib based
covered in epidermal scutes

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28
Q

snake axial

A

loss of external limbs
200-300 ribs
no ribcage/sternum
snakes come from lizards, but unsure if aquatic or terrestrial
torsion problems
additional articular surfaces to stop twisting - zygosphere, zygopophyses, and zygantrum

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29
Q

torsion

A

twisting force

issue for snakes

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30
Q

tension

A

stretching force

issue for muscles

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31
Q

compression

A

pressing

problem for intervertebral disks

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32
Q

shear

A

one end stationary while other moves

bone breaks

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33
Q

zygapophyses

A

vertebral processes that keep spine from folding
passive mechanism to protect spinal cord
pre and post zygo
expand terrestrially

34
Q

cetacean axial

A

whales
evolved from ungulate - hoofed mammals
aquatic –> terrestrial –> secondary aquatic
hemal arches/chevron bones = protect blood supply in tail
small disconnected pelvic bones vestigial
marine tetrapod with 2 limbs!!! tetrapod ancestor
fin and phalange homology
compressed cervical vertebrae (no need to turn, lateral orbits, move fast)
keratin baleen

35
Q

circulatory system components

A 
contractile muscle (cardiac, smooth)
vessels 
valves
blood 
lymphatic vessels
36
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

necessary step to detoxify
directly from small intestine to liver, then to body
portal system - 2 cap beds (blood from heart-> digestive-> liver-> heart)

37
Q

lymph

A

blood plasma and white blood cells

38
Q

erythrocyte

A

RBC
mammal RBC - biconcave and no nucleus
bird, fish, reptile, amphibian RBC - circular and nucleated

39
Q

blood vessels

A

capillaries - 1 endothelial layer
arteries - o2 rich, high bp
veins - o2 poor, valves to prevent. backflow, low bp
pulmonary arteries/veins - artery o2 poor blood to lungs and veins o2 rich to heart
arteries and veins have smooth contractile muscle with endothelial lining
cap beds connect arteries and veins
sphincters in precapillary to close beds
anastamosis - shunts (owls shunt from carotid to other vessels when turning)

40
Q

beginning heart

A

contractile tube using peristalsis

found in amphioxus (cephalo) and ciona (uro)

41
Q

amphioxus heart

A 
4 peristaltic vessels
arteries dorsal (conserved)
unidrectional 
closed system
similar vascular structure to heart now
42
Q

urochordate heart

A

bidirectional flow
single peristaltic vessel
open system
similar structure to heart now

43
Q

fish heart

A 
sinus venosus, atria, ventricle conserved
no o2 rich blood (single loop)
heart -> gills -> body 
bulbous arteriosus 
single loop results in low bp
44
Q

bulbous arteriosus

A

flexible pouch controls bp in fish

45
Q

conus arteriosus

A

strengthens circuit in sharks

46
Q

single loop heart

A

blood once thru heart
always deoxy
fish

47
Q

catfish shark heart

A

nonlinear folded heart

horizontal chambers mechanically beneficial

48
Q

double loop

A

separation of vessels and separation of deoxy and oxy blood
blood to body and to lungs
only functions with lungs

49
Q

lungfish heart

A

double loop
2 atria (unlike other fish)
breathe every 30 minutes, estivation
complete atria separation and partial ventricle -> blood separation
single loop with gills, double loop with lungs
sphincters open and close based on pH
left side is oxygenated, conserved in humans

50
Q

amphibian heart

A

chamber and position change (sinus and bulbous move towards eachother)
2 atria, 1 ventricle –> mixing deoxy and oxy in ventricle
RA - deoxy
LA - oxy

51
Q

reptile hearts

A

3 chambers except crocs (full separation in ventricle)
frogs have no septation
turtles have septation
cardiac shunting to bypass pulmonary or systemic system

52
Q

2nd ventricle origin

A

to prevent mixing

53
Q

heart trends

A 
ectotherm oxy and deoxy blood have equal P
oxy blood higher P in endotherms
heart rate increases with decreased mass
heart rate lower in ectotherms
bird HR lower than mammals
fish have lowest bp, birds highest
54
Q

aortic arch remodeling

A

tetrapods have extensive remodeling
first 3 branchial arches combine to carotids
braciocephalic -> subclavian (arm) + carotid (head)

55
Q

crocodile icefish heart

A

antarctic fish
lack RBC or hemoglobin (colorless blood)
dissolved o2 from cold water
slow moving less o2 demand

56
Q

sensory reception

A

concentration in cranium
for predatory / prey lifestyle
cranial placodes

57
Q

cranial placodes

A

specialized regions for sensory
specialized ectoderm region gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
cranial sense organs begin as placodes
EXCEPT the eye
only lens is CP
conserved in vertebrates (ancestor had CP)

58
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sense chemicals suspended in air or water
taste, smell
taste structure conserved in vert
each tastebud has every receptor

59
Q

fish chemoreception

A

taste across the body - very acute
catfish have tastebuds in barbels
taste for prey, taste for pollution

60
Q

olfaction

A

chemoreception
350 receptor types distributed across 40 mil neurons
mice can smell more acutely
mucus needs to dissolve odor
retronasal olfaction
epithelial inflammation inhibits
sense of smell linked to limbic –> memory linkages

61
Q

retronasal olfaction

A

smelling while chewing

62
Q

vomeronasal organ

A

“jacobs organ”
sits in vomer bone
absent in most turtles, crocs, birds, some bats, aquatic mammals
tongue sweeps thru air collecting phermones
tongue to roof of mouth to organ
humans have organ for menstruation timing

63
Q

EM spectrum

A

radiation with electric and magnet field waves

longer) radio, micro, IR, visible, UV, xray, gamma (shorter

64
Q

the eye

A

retina = thin layer of cells w rods and cones
fovea = max visual activity, most cones
lens = change shape for near and far vision
iris = muscular layer controlling pupil
optic nerve = impulse to brain

65
Q

eye blind spot

A

all vert eyes have same structure
and blind spot
photoreceptors behind nervous tissue

66
Q

invertebrate eyes

A 
better than vertebrates
convergent evolution
photoreceptors superficial 
no blind spot
lens changes position not shape - no degeneration
67
Q

opsins

A 
photoreceptive protein
part changes conformation with photons
sponges have no eye, but opsins
rods sense light/dark
opsins inside rods
opsins cause chain rxn to open/close neuron ion channel 
deep brain opsins with circadian rhythm
68
Q

parietal eye

A 
thru parietal bone
3rd eye seen in reptiles 
has a lens, retina, cornea
sense light/dark, thermoreg, basking, polarized light
lost in mammals
in eunotosaurus and proganochelys
69
Q

color vision

A

birds have best color vision - biggest optic lobes
mammals have poor color vision due to nocturnal (rods > cones)
all gnathostome ancestor had rod + 4 cones (red, blue, green, UV)
fish > mammals
amphibians develop 2nd rod - blue
birds + reptiles rod + 5 cones (double cone)
mammal ancestor lost 2 cones (red purple)
marine mammals have least color vision (1 rod 1 cone)
old world monkeys 1 rod 3 cones

70
Q

old world monkeys

A

asia and africa
trichromatic (red green blue)
humans

71
Q

new world monkeys

A

south america

dichromatic

72
Q

photoreception

A

just visible light

73
Q

infrared

A

electromagnetic
heat
vipers have receptor below nostrils
multimodal sensing (IR, VNO, olfaction, mechano, venom, vision)
pits are accessories, not connected to visual

74
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

ear, lateral line, touch

all have hair cells

75
Q

hearing

A

mechanoreception
tympanic membrane - vibrates with sound waves
middle ear bones - amplify and send to inner ear
inner ear - semicircular canals (vestibular balance) + cochlea (hearing)
cochlea - 3 canals
organ of corti - in cochlear canal

76
Q

organ of corti

A

in cochlear canal
hair cells with cilia bend in response to sound waves
damage results in ringing
basilar membrane below

77
Q

lateral line

A 
mechanoreception
hearing over body strucutre
pores open to neuromast cells
hair cells w cilia embedded in cupula (gel matrix)
cyclostomes, fish, amphibians
works with inner ear
78
Q

echolocation

A 
biosonar
requires transmitter and receiver
bat and cetaceans evolved separately
4x evolution in mammals 
selective pressure of low light environ
active and energy cost
79
Q

electroreceptors

A

sharks, platypus, electric fish
most vert have electrecept ancestor
passive and active
lost moving to land

80
Q

passive electroreception

A 
detect from environment
all fish besides myxinin and bowfin
prey/predator detection
social behavior
ex. ampullae of lorenzini
81
Q

active electroreception

A 
electric organs
fish behavior
produce electric field
predatory
weakly electric = can't electrocute 
strongly electric = can electrocute to stun or kill (>100 v)

CVA (4 decks)

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