EXAM 2 Flashcards

Question

gastralia

Answer 1

ventral dermal bone

Answer 2

turtle ventral shell | formed by gastralia (unique to reptiles)

Answer 3

turtle dorsal shell rib based covered in epidermal scutes

Answer 4

loss of external limbs 200-300 ribs no ribcage/sternum snakes come from lizards, but unsure if aquatic or terrestrial torsion problems additional articular surfaces to stop twisting - zygosphere, zygopophyses, and zygantrum

Answer 5

twisting force | issue for snakes

Answer 6

stretching force | issue for muscles

Answer 7

pressing | problem for intervertebral disks

Answer 8

one end stationary while other moves | bone breaks

Answer 9

vertebral processes that keep spine from folding passive mechanism to protect spinal cord pre and post zygo expand terrestrially

Answer 10

whales evolved from ungulate - hoofed mammals aquatic --> terrestrial --> secondary aquatic hemal arches/chevron bones = protect blood supply in tail small disconnected pelvic bones vestigial marine tetrapod with 2 limbs!!! tetrapod ancestor fin and phalange homology compressed cervical vertebrae (no need to turn, lateral orbits, move fast) keratin baleen

Answer 11

``` contractile muscle (cardiac, smooth) vessels valves blood lymphatic vessels ```

Answer 12

necessary step to detoxify directly from small intestine to liver, then to body portal system - 2 cap beds (blood from heart-> digestive-> liver-> heart)

Answer 13

blood plasma and white blood cells

Answer 14

RBC mammal RBC - biconcave and no nucleus bird, fish, reptile, amphibian RBC - circular and nucleated

Answer 15

capillaries - 1 endothelial layer arteries - o2 rich, high bp veins - o2 poor, valves to prevent. backflow, low bp pulmonary arteries/veins - artery o2 poor blood to lungs and veins o2 rich to heart arteries and veins have smooth contractile muscle with endothelial lining cap beds connect arteries and veins sphincters in precapillary to close beds anastamosis - shunts (owls shunt from carotid to other vessels when turning)

Answer 16

contractile tube using peristalsis | found in amphioxus (cephalo) and ciona (uro)

Answer 17

``` 4 peristaltic vessels arteries dorsal (conserved) unidrectional closed system similar vascular structure to heart now ```

Answer 18

bidirectional flow single peristaltic vessel open system similar structure to heart now

Answer 19

``` sinus venosus, atria, ventricle conserved no o2 rich blood (single loop) heart -> gills -> body bulbous arteriosus single loop results in low bp ```

Answer 20

flexible pouch controls bp in fish

Answer 21

strengthens circuit in sharks

Answer 22

blood once thru heart always deoxy fish

Answer 23

nonlinear folded heart | horizontal chambers mechanically beneficial

Answer 24

separation of vessels and separation of deoxy and oxy blood blood to body and to lungs only functions with lungs

Answer 25

double loop 2 atria (unlike other fish) breathe every 30 minutes, estivation complete atria separation and partial ventricle -> blood separation single loop with gills, double loop with lungs sphincters open and close based on pH left side is oxygenated, conserved in humans

Answer 26

chamber and position change (sinus and bulbous move towards eachother) 2 atria, 1 ventricle --> mixing deoxy and oxy in ventricle RA - deoxy LA - oxy

Answer 27

3 chambers except crocs (full separation in ventricle) frogs have no septation turtles have septation cardiac shunting to bypass pulmonary or systemic system

Answer 28

to prevent mixing

Answer 29

``` ectotherm oxy and deoxy blood have equal P oxy blood higher P in endotherms heart rate increases with decreased mass heart rate lower in ectotherms bird HR lower than mammals fish have lowest bp, birds highest ```

Answer 30

tetrapods have extensive remodeling first 3 branchial arches combine to carotids braciocephalic -> subclavian (arm) + carotid (head)

Answer 31

antarctic fish lack RBC or hemoglobin (colorless blood) dissolved o2 from cold water slow moving less o2 demand

Answer 32

concentration in cranium for predatory / prey lifestyle cranial placodes

Answer 33

specialized regions for sensory specialized ectoderm region gives rise to epidermis and nervous system cranial sense organs begin as placodes EXCEPT the eye only lens is CP conserved in vertebrates (ancestor had CP)

Answer 34

sense chemicals suspended in air or water taste, smell taste structure conserved in vert each tastebud has every receptor

Answer 35

taste across the body - very acute catfish have tastebuds in barbels taste for prey, taste for pollution

Answer 36

chemoreception 350 receptor types distributed across 40 mil neurons mice can smell more acutely mucus needs to dissolve odor retronasal olfaction epithelial inflammation inhibits sense of smell linked to limbic --> memory linkages

Answer 37

smelling while chewing

Answer 38

"jacobs organ" sits in vomer bone absent in most turtles, crocs, birds, some bats, aquatic mammals tongue sweeps thru air collecting phermones tongue to roof of mouth to organ humans have organ for menstruation timing

Answer 39

radiation with electric and magnet field waves | longer) radio, micro, IR, visible, UV, xray, gamma (shorter

Answer 40

retina = thin layer of cells w rods and cones fovea = max visual activity, most cones lens = change shape for near and far vision iris = muscular layer controlling pupil optic nerve = impulse to brain

Answer 41

all vert eyes have same structure and blind spot photoreceptors behind nervous tissue

Answer 42

``` better than vertebrates convergent evolution photoreceptors superficial no blind spot lens changes position not shape - no degeneration ```

Answer 43

``` photoreceptive protein part changes conformation with photons sponges have no eye, but opsins rods sense light/dark opsins inside rods opsins cause chain rxn to open/close neuron ion channel deep brain opsins with circadian rhythm ```

Answer 44

``` thru parietal bone 3rd eye seen in reptiles has a lens, retina, cornea sense light/dark, thermoreg, basking, polarized light lost in mammals in eunotosaurus and proganochelys ```

Answer 45

birds have best color vision - biggest optic lobes mammals have poor color vision due to nocturnal (rods > cones) all gnathostome ancestor had rod + 4 cones (red, blue, green, UV) fish > mammals amphibians develop 2nd rod - blue birds + reptiles rod + 5 cones (double cone) mammal ancestor lost 2 cones (red purple) marine mammals have least color vision (1 rod 1 cone) old world monkeys 1 rod 3 cones

Answer 46

asia and africa trichromatic (red green blue) humans

Answer 47

south america | dichromatic

Answer 48

just visible light

Answer 49

electromagnetic heat vipers have receptor below nostrils multimodal sensing (IR, VNO, olfaction, mechano, venom, vision) pits are accessories, not connected to visual

Answer 50

ear, lateral line, touch | all have hair cells

Answer 51

mechanoreception tympanic membrane - vibrates with sound waves middle ear bones - amplify and send to inner ear inner ear - semicircular canals (vestibular balance) + cochlea (hearing) cochlea - 3 canals organ of corti - in cochlear canal

Answer 52

in cochlear canal hair cells with cilia bend in response to sound waves damage results in ringing basilar membrane below

Answer 53

``` mechanoreception hearing over body strucutre pores open to neuromast cells hair cells w cilia embedded in cupula (gel matrix) cyclostomes, fish, amphibians works with inner ear ```

Answer 54

``` biosonar requires transmitter and receiver bat and cetaceans evolved separately 4x evolution in mammals selective pressure of low light environ active and energy cost ```

Answer 55

sharks, platypus, electric fish most vert have electrecept ancestor passive and active lost moving to land

Answer 56

``` detect from environment all fish besides myxinin and bowfin prey/predator detection social behavior ex. ampullae of lorenzini ```

Answer 57

``` electric organs fish behavior produce electric field predatory weakly electric = can't electrocute strongly electric = can electrocute to stun or kill (>100 v) ```