Practical 1- Cardiovascular Physiology Lab Flashcards
to listen to and study the sounds of the heart as it pumps
auscultation
instrument used to listen to heart sounds
stethoscope
visual display of vibrations producing heart sounds through the use of a heart sound microphone and physiological recorder
phonocardiogram
produced at the beginning of systole, AV valves close, SL valves open, lower pitched tone “lub”
1st heart sound
occurs at the end of systole, SL valves close, AV values open, higher blood pressure in the arteries produce a higher pitched sound “dub”
2nd heart sound
occurs during rapid filling of the ventricles after AV valves open and vibrations of the ventricular walls
3rd heart sound
occurs at the time of atrial contraction and is probably due to the accelerated rush of blood into the ventricles
4th heart sound
do not need amplification to be heard
1st and 2nd heart sounds
where the sounds from each valve can be heard most clearly
auscultatory areas
the pressure exerted by blood against the vessel walls
blood pressure
highest pressure in the artery- produced during the heart’s contraction/systolic phase
-normal for 20 year old male is 120mmHg
systolic blood pressure
lowest pressure in the artery- produced during the heart’s relaxation/diastolic phase
-normal for 20 year old male is 80mmHg
diastolic blood pressure
the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
-normal value for 20 year old male is 40mmHg
pulse pressure
diastolic pressure + 1/3 of the pulse pressure
-the average effective pressure forcing blood through the circulatory system
-normal value is 96-100 mmHg
mean blood pressure
function of two factors- cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)
mean blood pressure factors
the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per unit of time
cardiac output
= cardiac output (ml/min) x total peripheral resistance (TPR units)
formula for mean blood pressure (mmHg)
= heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (ml/beat)
formula for cardiac output (ml/min)
indicates the force of contraction of the heart
systolic BP indication
reflects the condition of the systemic blood vessels
diastolic BP indication
cannula inserted into the artery and direct, head-on pressure of the blood is measured with a transducer or mercury manometer
direct method of measuring BP
pressure is applied externally to an artery and is determined by listening to arterial sounds with a stethoscope below the point of pressure
indirect/auscultatory method of measuring BP
palpate or feel the pulse as pressure is applied to the artery
indirect/palpatory method of measuring BP
instrument used to apply pressure to the artery in indirect methods
sphygmomanometer
inflatable rubber bag (cuff), rubber bulb for introducing air, mercury or anaeroid manometer for measuring pressure in the cuff
parts of the sphygmomanometer
where human blood pressure is most commonly measured
brachial artery of the upper arm
convenient position and same level as the heart to provide approximate pressure of the aorta
reason for using brachial artery to measure BP
palpate the radial artery pulse in the wrist
palpatory method
the pressure when the radial pulse first appears
systolic blood pressure in the palpatory method
cannot be used to measure the diastolic pressure
disadvantage of the palpatory method
stethoscope used to listen to changes in sounds from the brachial artery
auscultatory method
as the pressure decreases, you can hear four phases of sound changes
auscultatory method
four phases of sounds in the auscultatory method
Korotkoff sounds
fairly sharp thudding sound that increases in intensity for next 10 mmHg of pressure drop- first sound that appears is the systolic pressure
phase 1
sound becomes a softer murmur during the next 10-15 mmHg drop in pressure
phase 2
sounds becomes louder again and have a sharper thudding during the next 10-15 mmHg of pressure drop
phase 3
sounds become suddenly muffled and reduce in intensity- this marks the diastolic pressure- and continues for another 5 mmHg in pressure drop after which all sound disappears
phase 4
the point where the sound completely ceases in the auscultatory method
end diastolic pressure
= mean blood pressure / cardiac output
formula for total peripheral resistance
= [systolic pressure + (2 x diastolic pressure)] / 3 // (pulse pressure x heart rate)
formula for estimation of total peripheral resistance
vasoconstriction of blood vessels
increase in total peripheral resistance
vasodilation of blood vessels
decrease in total peripheral resistance
used to demonstrate the effect of a sensory stimulus (cold) on blood pressure
the cold pressor test
increase in blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) as result to stimulus
normal reflex response to a cold stimulus
1.056
specific gravity of blood
13.6
specific gravity of mercury (Hg)
= (specific gravity of blood) x (atrial pressure in mm) / (specific gravity of Hg)
formula for venous pressure
unlike arteriole pressure, this is steady and changes very little
venous pressure
adaptation to prevent blood from flowing backwards in veins where gravity opposes blood flow
venous valves
economic utilization of oxygen through a depression in metabolism and cardiovascular adjustments when submerged under water for prolonged periods
diving bradycardia
slowing of the heart
-associated with a reduction of circulation to all regions of the body except vital areas such as the heart and brain
bradycardia
receptors in the __ trigger the trigeminal nerve which tells the body to slow down the heart rate to decrease the body’s oxygen requirement- survival mechanism
nose
-measures endurance in stepping up and down a bench and the pulse reaction to this exercise
(20 inches for men, 16 inches for women)
the harvard step test
general endurance- not strength, muscular endurance, cardiorespiratoy endurance
what the harvard step test measures
= (Duration of exercise in seconds x 100) / 2 x (the sum of the three pulse counts in recovery)
formula for the index of physical fitness
below 55 in index of physical fitness
poor physical condition
55-64 in index of physical fitness
low average
65-79 in index of physical fitness
high average
80-90 in index of physical fitness
good
above 90 in index of physical fitness
excellent
based on the observation that for the same number of steps, a less fit person will have a higher pulse rate during the 2 minute recovery period immediately after exercise
the tuttle pulse-ratio test
the total number of pulse beats counted for one minute
Tuttle’s pulse ratio
determined by the amount of exercise required to obtain a 2.5 pulse ratio
person’s cardiovascular efficiency
useful in the detection of pathological hearts and heart abnormalities
further use of the tuttle pulse-ratio test
S0 = S1 + (S2 - S1)(2.5 - r1) / r2 - r1
formula for the number of steps required to obtain a 2.5 pulse-ratio
the number of steps used in the first test
S1
the number of steps used in the second test
S2
the number of steps required to obtain a 2.5 ratio
S0
the pulse ratio for S1
r1
the pulse ratio for S2
r2
established norm in Tuttle pulse-ratio test for boys, ages 10-12
33 steps
established norm in Tuttle pulse-ratio test for boys, ages 13-18
30 steps
established norm in Tuttle pulse-ratio test for an adult man
29 steps
established norm in Tuttle pulse-ratio test for adult women
25 steps
