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Anatomy > Lab Quiz 7 > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 7 Flashcards

1
Q

how kidneys achieve homeostasis

A

regulating the pH and concentration of ions and water in the body fluids

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2
Q

additional role of kidneys

A

eliminate the waste products of metabolism

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3
Q

number of nephrons in the kidneys

A

1 million

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4
Q

two structures of the nephrons

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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5
Q

tuft of capillaries in the renal corpuscle where blood first filters through

A

glomerulus

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6
Q

rate at which blood filters through glomerulus

A

120 ml/min

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7
Q

three major parts of the renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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8
Q

similar to blood plasma in composition but large molecules are excluded

A

tubular filtrate

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9
Q

MW of molecules too large for filtrate

A

70,000 MW

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10
Q

example of molecules too large to pass through filtrate

A

plasma proteins

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11
Q

retained in the filtrate and finally excreted in the urine

A

toxic by-products of metabolism and excess substances

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12
Q

how much urine is formed per minute

A

1 ml of urine / min

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13
Q

reflects the integrity of kidney function and changes in blood composition

A

the final composition of urine

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14
Q

analysis of urine; yields valuable information about the health of the kidney and the body in general

A

urinalysis

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15
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

-genetically unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

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16
Q

phenylalanine becomes __ if accumulated

A

phenylpyruvic acid

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17
Q

may result from an accumulation of phenylalanine in individuals with PKU

A

developmental delays, seizures, intellectual impairments

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18
Q

diabetes mellitus (diabetes)

A

imbalance or deficit in the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas

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19
Q

fatty acid metabolites that result from the body using fat as an energy source instead of sugars

A

ketones

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20
Q

causes blood pH to decrease

A

increase in ketones

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21
Q

indicated by the presence of glucose and ketones in the urine, combined with a low pH

A

diabetes mellitus indication

22
Q

Labstix test

A

combined test of urinary pH, protein, glucose, ketones, and occult blood

23
Q

normal pH of urine

A

slightly acidic, ~6

24
Q

causes more acidic urine

A

diet rich in proteins, respiratory disorders, dehydration, starvation

25
Q

causes more alkaline urine

A

diet rich in citrus fruits and dairy, vomiting, urinary tract infections, or cystitis

26
Q

cystitis

A

urine decomposes in the bladder with the production of ammonia

27
Q

proteinuria or albuminuria

A

-presence of proteins in the urine
-indicates that the “filters,” or glomeruli of nephrons are damaged, allowing blood proteins into the filtrate

28
Q

glycosuria

A

-high levels of glucose in the urine
-indicates the body’s inability to process glucose
-leads to accumulation of glucose in the blood that is secreted in the urine

29
Q

ketonuria

A

-abnormally large amounts of ketone excretion
-can indicate wither diabetes mellitus or starvation

30
Q

blood not visible to the naked eye

A

occult blood

31
Q

indicated by occult blood in the urine

A

structural damage in the urinary tract- urinary tract infection, kidney stones, cancerous cells

32
Q

nephritis

A

-disease in which the glomeruli are damaged and plasma proteins and erythrocytes leak into the nephrons
-blood and high levels of proteins present in urine

33
Q

one of the main functions of the kidneys

A

regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids to ensure cells do not shrink or swell

34
Q

regulatory osmolarity of body fluids

A

300 milliosmoles per liter

35
Q

dehydrated individual

A

produces small amounts of highly concentrated urine

36
Q

overhydrated individual

A

produces a large amount of minimally concentrated (dilute) urine

37
Q

groups for kidney regulation experiment

A

Group 1- 800 ml water
Group 2- 800 ml water, 7g NaCl
Group 3- 80 ml water, 7g NaCl

38
Q

the ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density of distilled water

A

specific gravity

39
Q

calibration temperature of urinometer

A

15°C

40
Q

how to correct the specific gravity value

A

add 0.001 for every 3°C above or subtract 0.001 for every 3°C below the calibration temperature

41
Q

normal range of urine specific gravity

A

1.0015 to 1.035

42
Q

specific gravity of distilled water (no solutes present)

A

1.000

43
Q

found in individuals with chronic nephritis

A

low specific gravity

44
Q

chronic nephritis

A

slow onset kidney disease

45
Q

observed in acute nephritis

A

high specific gravity

46
Q

acute nephritis

A

sudden onset kidney disease

47
Q

Mohr Method (NaCl concentration)

A

the process of titrating silver nitrate to analyze the presence of chloride ions in a substance using potassium chromate as an indicator

48
Q

adding one drop in the mohr method

A

20% potassium chromate

49
Q

adding drop by drop in the mohr method

A

2.9% silver nitrate

50
Q

represents 1g/liter of NaCl present in the urine

A

each drop of 2.9% silver nitrate

51
Q

3 plots against time for data collection

A

ml urine excreted, specific gravity, and NaCl concentration (mg/ml)

Anatomy (5 decks)

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