Prac 9: Neuro

Question 1

What is the cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease due to?

Answer 1

Interference in synaptic transmission by monomers of A/Beta protein

Question 2

What is Hydrocephalus?

Answer 2

Increased CSF in ventricles

Question 3

How can bacterial meningitis lead to hydrocephalus?

Answer 3

By the exudate itself (increased fluid), or, later, the scarred, organised exudate blocking arachnoid granulations, or foramina of Luschka and Magendie, impairing CSF drainage.

Question 4

Which cells have Nissl bodies?

Answer 4

Neurons

Question 5

Which vessels can be affected in transient loss of vision due to amaurosis fugax?

Answer 5

Retinal artery or opthalmic artery

Question 6

What are 3 pathologies of the heart (left heart) that can result in systemic emboli?

Answer 6

Atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction (and subsequent LV aneurysm) and infective endocarditis.

Question 7

How long does it take for an ischaemic stroke to be visible on CT?

Answer 7

At least 6 hrs.

Question 8

What is red cell/ red neuron change and when in stroke does it occur (eg hours, days)

Answer 8

One of the earliest (after some hours) histological changes seen following cerebral infarction is ‘red cell change’ where the dead neurons become shrunken, hypereosinophilic and their nuclei pyknotic.

Question 9

Why do macs look foamy when filled with lipid?

Answer 9

Because lipid dissolves out of cells during the staining process leaving unstained areas.

Question 10

What are headaches caused by generally?

Answer 10

Pain results from traction, pressure or inflammation of pain sensitive structures in the cranial cavity e.g. meningeal arteries, dura at base of brain, venous sinuses.

Question 11

are headaches caused by stimulation or destruction of cerebral tissue itself?

Answer 11

No