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Epidemiology - MIDTERM 3 PQS > PQS - Rhabdoviruses > Flashcards

PQS - Rhabdoviruses Flashcards

1
Q

Rhabdoviruses are enveloped viruses

A

T

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2
Q

Rhabdoviruses are resistant viruses they can remain infective in the environment for several weeks

A

F

no/short survival in environment, weak resistance

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3
Q

Rhabdoviruses are generally good antigens

A

T

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4
Q

Rhabdoviruses can survive in the environment for several months

A

F

no/short survival in environment

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5
Q

The resistance of Rhabdoviruses is good

A

F

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6
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus has a narrow host range

A

F

broad

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7
Q

Vesicular stomatitis is a frequent disease in Africa

A

F

*America

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8
Q

Vesicular stomatitis is a widespread disease all over the world

A

F

Americas; South Canada, USA, Middle America, South Am. (tropical regions)

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9
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus can cause clinical signs in horses

A

T

Equidae > ruminants, swine, lama, alpaca > human, others

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10
Q

Vesicular stomatitis is a zoonotic disease

A

T

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11
Q

Increased salivation is a clinical sign of vesicular stomatitis

A

T

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12
Q

The mortality of vesicular stomatitis is low

A

T

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13
Q

The mortality of vesicular stomatitis is very high

A

F

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14
Q

Vesicular stomatitis causes large number of vesicles in humans

A

F

rarely see vesicles in humans

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15
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus is transmitted by blood sucking arthropods and direct contact

A

T

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16
Q

The clinical signs of foot and mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis cannot be differentiated in horses

A

F

vesicular stomatitis is the only disease which causes vesicles in horses !!

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17
Q

Vesicular stomatitis can be transmitted only by arthropods

A

F

contact, injury-saliva, arthropod

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18
Q

Vesicular Stomatitis virus can be transmitted by arthropods

A

T

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19
Q

Vesicular stomatitis can occur in ruminants, horses, pigs, and humans

A

T

Equidae > ruminants, swine, lama, alpaca > human, others

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20
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus does not cause viraemia only local lesions

A

F

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21
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus is found all over the world.

A

F

Americas; South Canada, USA, Middle America, South Am. (tropical regions)

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22
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus: horse is sensitive.

A

F

Horses are the most susceptible, but close to 0 mortality

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23
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus spreads with insects.

A

T

contact, injury-saliva, arthropod

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24
Q

After recovery of VSV there will be a permanent immunity.

A

F

long lasting antibodies, but short clinical protection

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25
Q

Vesicular stomatitis can be generalized.

A

T

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26
Q

Vesicular stomatitis can cause vesicles on the foot.

A

T

  • lips, oral cavity, tongue
  • foot, mainly coronary band
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27
Q

Only ruminants can have vesicular stomatitis.

A

F

Equidae > ruminants, swine, lama, alpaca > human, others

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28
Q

Vesicular stomatitis: animals can recover.

A

T

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29
Q

Vesicular stomatitis occurs in America.

A

T

Americas; South Canada, USA, Middle America, South Am. (tropical regions)

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30
Q

The host range of vesicular stomatitis and foot and mouth disease is the same.

A

F

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31
Q

Sand flies and midges can transmit vesicular stomatitis virus.

A

T

Mainly sandlies and blackflies, but midges and flies can also transmit

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32
Q

In the case of vesicular stomatitis vesicles are formed only at the place of entry of the virus.

A

F

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33
Q

Salivation is a clinical sign of vesicular stomatitis.

A

T

  • anorexia, salivation
  • limping
  • drop of milk production
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34
Q

Vesicular stomatitis cannot be prevented with vaccines.

A

F

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35
Q

The vesicular stomatitis virus is uniform, there are no serotypes, variants etc.

A

F

Numerous genotypes, due to frequent mutations in the glycoprotein

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36
Q

The resistance of the vesicular stomatitis virus is low.

A

T

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37
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus can be transmitted by direct contact or arthropods.

A

T

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38
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus can cause lesions on the teats.

A

T

  • decreased milk production
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39
Q

The host range of the vesicular stomatitis virus is wide.

A

T

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40
Q

Vesicular stomatitis is endemic in America.

A

T

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41
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus infects only swine.

A

F

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42
Q

Cattle are not susceptible to vesicular stomatitis virus.

A

F

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43
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus can infect humans.

A

T

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44
Q

Lesions of vesicular stomatitis heal within a few weeks.

A

T

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45
Q

There are no vaccines for the prevention of vesicular stomatitis.

A

F

  • inactivated vaccine
    live attenuated vaccine ( South America)
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46
Q

Insects are involved in the transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus.

A

T

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47
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus can spread by direct contact.

A

T

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48
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus can cause severe disease in humans.

A

F

T??

RARELY, but we CAN see encephalitis in children

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49
Q

Ephemeral fever virus is transmitted by arthropods.

A

T

Mosquito bite

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50
Q

Direct contact is the main way of transmission of ephemeral fever virus

A

F

-mosquito bite

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51
Q

Ephemeral fever is a frequent disease all over the world

A

F

tropical areas: Africa, Australia, Asia

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52
Q

Ephemeral fever is a zoonotic disease

A

F

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53
Q

Ephemeral fever virus is shed in large amount in the saliva.

A

F

No shedding of virus !!

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54
Q

Ephemeral fever occurs only in America.

A

F

  • Africa
  • Australia
  • Asia (Middle-East, South-Eastern Asia)
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55
Q

The morbidity is high, the mortality is low in the case of ephemeral fever.

A

T

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56
Q

Drop of milk production is a common sign of ephemeral fever

A

T

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57
Q

Ephemeral fever occurs in the tropical countries.

A

T

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58
Q

Inhalation of the tracheal discharge is the main way of infection with ephemeral fever virus.

A

F

by mosquito bite

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59
Q

The clinical signs of ephemeral fever are more severe in horses than cattle.

A

F

Does not affect horses

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60
Q

Animals with ephemeral fever have fever for about 2-3 days

A

T

Hence the name: three-day-sickness

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61
Q

In the case of silent rabies rabid dogs cannot bark.

A

F

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62
Q

There is a high level of cross protection between phylogroups of rabies viruses

A

F

cross protection within the phylogroups

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63
Q

Humans can be infected with European bat lyssaviruses in case of direct contact.

A

T

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64
Q

Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies can be seen in the case of rabies

A

T

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65
Q

Only carnivorous animals are susceptible to rabies virus.

A

F

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66
Q

Rabies virus is uniform without serotypes, genotypes etc.

A

F

17 genotypes !!

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67
Q

Aggressiveness is a frequent sign of rabies.

A

T

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68
Q

Puppies have to be vaccinated against rabies at the age of 6 weeks.

A

F

only after 3 months, due to maternal antibodies

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69
Q

Humans can be infected with European bat lyssaviruses in case of direct contact.

A

T

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70
Q

Rabies virus can infect humans; however, humans are not very susceptible

A

T

=accidental hosts

71
Q

Bat lyssaviruses cannot infect humans

A

F

72
Q

Bats infected with European bat lyssaviruses frequently attack animals

A

F

73
Q

Rabies is a notifiable disease

A

T

74
Q

Increased sex drive is a frequent sign of rabies.

A

T

75
Q

Sylvatic rabies is maintained by wild living animals.

A

T

76
Q

Foxes maintain sylvatic rabies in Europe

A

T

77
Q

Racoon is one of the species that maintains sylvatic rabies in America

A

T

78
Q

In order to prevent sylvatic rabies, foxes are vaccinated per os with live vaccine in bait

A

T

79
Q

Changed behaviour and paralysis are clinical signs of rabies

A

T

80
Q

The incubation time of rabies is generally 24-72 hours; however, exceptions can occur

A

F
long (usually 2-8 weeks), depends on:
- host species, age
- site of infection
- virus strain
- virus dose
- dormant period in certain species –

81
Q

The incubation time of rabies is generally 2-8 weeks; however, exceptions can occur

A

T
long (usually 2-8 weeks), depends on:
- host species, age
- site of infection
- virus strain
- virus dose
- dormant period in certain species –

82
Q

Rabies virus can only be transmitted with bite

A

F

bite, other wounds, scratches

83
Q

The host range of rabies is very narrow, mainly dogs and foxes are susceptible

A

F

84
Q

Only carnivorous animals are susceptible to rabies virus

A

F

85
Q

Dogs have to be observed for 14 days if they have bitten humans.

A

T

86
Q

Herbivorous animals bitten by foxes can be emergency slaughtered

A

T

or post-exposure vaccination

87
Q

Rabies virus can be detected with immunofluorescence test

A

T

88
Q

Rabies virus appears in the saliva 2-3 days after the onset of the clinical signs

A

F
Shedding can start before onset of clinical signs

89
Q

Lethality of rabies in humans is high

A

T

100%

90
Q

The resistance of rabies virus is low; it cannot survive in the environment for a long time

A

T

no survival in environment

91
Q

Rabies can be diagnosed by detection of antibodies in paired sera

A

F

only done to check the level of protection

92
Q

Antibodies against rabies detected with ELISA confirm the diagnosis of rabies

A

F

93
Q

Rabies virus is spreading along the nerves in the host

A

T

94
Q

Urban rabies has been eradicated from the Earth.

A

F

95
Q

Urban rabies is maintained by dogs and cats.

A

T

96
Q

Rabies occurs only in tropical countries

A

F

97
Q

Herbivores animals are generally dead end hosts of rabies

A

T

98
Q

Rabies virus replicates in the lymphocytes

A

F.

  1. virus get into muscle/skin/mm
  2. slow replication at periphery nerves
99
Q

Postmortem examination of rabid animals is forbidden

A

F

done in dead animals

100
Q

Haemorrhages of the serous membranes are typical postmortem lesions of rabies

A

F

No clear pathological finding

101
Q

Rabies can be diagnosed only by using PCR.

A

F

  • PCR
  • IF
  • ISOLATION
  • HISTOLOGY
102
Q

Post exposition vaccine against rabies can be given to ruminants bitten by foxes

A

T

103
Q

Rabies virus does not penetrate the blood vessels.

A

T

104
Q

Rabies: one of the important symptoms is the change of behaviour.

A

T

105
Q

Rabies: one important symptom is paralysis

A

T

106
Q

In rabies we find purulent encephalitis in negri-bodies.

A

T

107
Q

With immunofluorescence test we can diagnose rabies.

A

T

108
Q

We can diagnose rabies by antibody detection test.

A

F

Rabies cannot be diagnosed by serology, this is only done to check the vaccine protection titre

109
Q

When an animal which is infected with rabies virus attacks another dog, it should be vaccinated immediately

A

F

If suspected infection = observation for 90 days
Concern for infection = observation for 14 days

The difference? I don’t know😂

110
Q

Rabies is a uniform virus.

A

F

111
Q

Rabies is a resistant virus.

A

F

Weak resistance, no survival in environment

112
Q

Warm blooded animals can be infected with rabies.

A

T

113
Q

Rabies can be transmitted only by saliva.

A

F

114
Q

Fox rabies: we can use live vaccines.

A

T

115
Q

Since 2002 rabies is eradicated from Hungary

A

F

New cases in 2022-23

116
Q

Humans can be infected by Rabies bite.

A

T

117
Q

Humans can be infected by Rabies during organ transplants.

A

T

118
Q

Rabies virus is spreading in the infected animals peri-neural.

A

T

119
Q

Rabies virus is shed in the saliva, before appearance of the clinical signs.

A

T

120
Q

The incubation of rabies is generally less than one week.

A

F

ong (usually 2-8 weeks)

121
Q

The rabies virus is a uniform virus without serotypes, genotypes, subtypes etc.

A

F

122
Q

Only carnivorous animals are susceptible to rabies virus .

A

F

123
Q

High amount of rabies virus is shed in the saliva.

A

T

124
Q

The causative agent of rabies is a uniform virus, without different types or groups.

A

F

125
Q

The resistance of the rabies virus is good, it retains infectivity for several months in the environment .

A

F

126
Q

All warm-blooded animals are susceptible to rabies virus.

A

T

127
Q

Rabies virus is shed in high titre in the saliva.

A

T

128
Q

Paralysis is a clinical sign of rabies.

A

T

129
Q

Foxes are vaccinated with attenuated bait vaccine.

A

T

130
Q

Cattle bitten by rabid animals may be vaccinated post exposition or slaughtered.

A

T

131
Q

Humans can be infected with rabies, only by being bitten by rabid animals.

A

F

organ transplantation, contact with infected animal

132
Q

Rabies virus is spreading along the nerves to the central nervous system.

A

T

133
Q

Rabies virus is shed in the saliva only after the appearance of the clinical signs.

A

F

134
Q

Changed behaviour is a typical sign of rabies.

A

T

135
Q

Focal necrosis in the liver is a typical lesion of rabies.

A

F

no clear pathological lesions

136
Q

Immunofluorescence test is widely used diagnostic method in the case of rabies.

A

T

classic gold standard method, together with PCR

137
Q

Virus neutralization test is used to the laboratory diagnosis of rabies cases.

A

F

138
Q

Dogs have to be vaccinated for the prevention of rabies at the age of 3 months for the first time.

A

T

139
Q

Increased salivation is a clinical sign of rabies.

A

T

140
Q

Always the furious form of rabies can be seen in dogs.

A

F

It is most common, but dumb form can also be seen

141
Q

Colic can be a sign of rabies in horses.

A

T

  • itching at site of exposure
    excitation
  • aggressiveness
  • scrapes with hoof
  • bites objects
  • colic, injuries
142
Q

Changed behaviour is a clinical sign of rabies of wild living animals.

A

T

143
Q

Only the classical rabies virus can cause clinical signs, the other genotypes not.

A

F

144
Q

The sylvatic form of rabies is maintained by different wild living animals.

A

T

145
Q

Rabies virus causes viraemia soon after infection.

A

F

No viraemia!

146
Q

Saliva can contain rabies virus, before the appearance of clinical signs.

A

T

147
Q

Humans are not susceptible to European bat lyssaviruses.

A

F

148
Q

There is no haematogenic spreading of the rabies virus.

A

F

T??

Blood is not infectious, together with urine and faeces

149
Q

Increased sexual activity is seen in rabid cattle.

A

T

150
Q

Dogs have to be vaccinated against rabies in the first week of life.

A

F

151
Q

Cattle bitten by a rabid animal can be vaccinated after exposition.

A

T

152
Q

The rabid bats fly during the day.

A

T

153
Q

Immunofluorescence (IF) is reliable in the diagnosis of rabies.

A

T

154
Q

Only the classical rabies virus is present in Europe.

A

F

155
Q

Urban form of rabies is maintained by the fox in Europe.

A

F

By dogs, sometimes cat

156
Q

Rabies virus is highly resistant.

A

F

low

157
Q

Rabies virus cannot be cultured.

A

F

158
Q

Presence of antibodies to rabies virus confirms the diagnosis of rabies.

A

F

159
Q

Detection of Negri bodies is more sensitive than immunofluorescence test, in the case of rabies.

A

F

160
Q

Virus isolation is the most widely used way of diagnosis of rabies.

A

F

IF and PCR is mostly used to diagnose

161
Q

Inhalation of the virus is the main way of infection with rabies virus.

A

F

162
Q

Rabies virus is replicating in the lymphoid cells and causes viraemia before the appearance of the clinical signs.

A

F

163
Q

The incubation time of rabies is variable, generally between 2 and 8 weeks.

A

T

164
Q

Immunofluorescence test can be used to the detection of rabies virus in the brain.

A

T

165
Q

Rabid animals have to be vaccinated immediately.

A

F

166
Q

In cats furious form of rabies is typical.

A

T

167
Q

In dogs both furious and silent form of rabies can occur.

A

T

168
Q

Rabies has been eradicated in Europe.

A

F

169
Q

Rabies spread through venereal.

A

F

170
Q

The high-titre of virus neutralizing antibodies confirms the diagnosis of rabies.

A

F

171
Q

Live vaccines are used for the vaccination of foxes against rabies

A

T

172
Q

Rabies symptoms appear only after CNS signs

A

F

173
Q

Rabies virus can only be found in the nervous system

A

F

Epidemiology - MIDTERM 3 PQS (15 decks)

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