PQS - Rhabdoviruses Flashcards
Rhabdoviruses are enveloped viruses
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Rhabdoviruses are resistant viruses they can remain infective in the environment for several weeks
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no/short survival in environment, weak resistance
Rhabdoviruses are generally good antigens
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Rhabdoviruses can survive in the environment for several months
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no/short survival in environment
The resistance of Rhabdoviruses is good
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Vesicular stomatitis virus has a narrow host range
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broad
Vesicular stomatitis is a frequent disease in Africa
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*America
Vesicular stomatitis is a widespread disease all over the world
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Americas; South Canada, USA, Middle America, South Am. (tropical regions)
Vesicular stomatitis virus can cause clinical signs in horses
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Equidae > ruminants, swine, lama, alpaca > human, others
Vesicular stomatitis is a zoonotic disease
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Increased salivation is a clinical sign of vesicular stomatitis
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The mortality of vesicular stomatitis is low
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The mortality of vesicular stomatitis is very high
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Vesicular stomatitis causes large number of vesicles in humans
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rarely see vesicles in humans
Vesicular stomatitis virus is transmitted by blood sucking arthropods and direct contact
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The clinical signs of foot and mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis cannot be differentiated in horses
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vesicular stomatitis is the only disease which causes vesicles in horses !!
Vesicular stomatitis can be transmitted only by arthropods
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contact, injury-saliva, arthropod
Vesicular Stomatitis virus can be transmitted by arthropods
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Vesicular stomatitis can occur in ruminants, horses, pigs, and humans
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Equidae > ruminants, swine, lama, alpaca > human, others
Vesicular stomatitis virus does not cause viraemia only local lesions
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Vesicular stomatitis virus is found all over the world.
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Americas; South Canada, USA, Middle America, South Am. (tropical regions)
Vesicular stomatitis virus: horse is sensitive.
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Horses are the most susceptible, but close to 0 mortality
Vesicular stomatitis virus spreads with insects.
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contact, injury-saliva, arthropod
After recovery of VSV there will be a permanent immunity.
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long lasting antibodies, but short clinical protection
Vesicular stomatitis can be generalized.
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Vesicular stomatitis can cause vesicles on the foot.
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- lips, oral cavity, tongue
- foot, mainly coronary band
Only ruminants can have vesicular stomatitis.
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Equidae > ruminants, swine, lama, alpaca > human, others
Vesicular stomatitis: animals can recover.
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Vesicular stomatitis occurs in America.
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Americas; South Canada, USA, Middle America, South Am. (tropical regions)
The host range of vesicular stomatitis and foot and mouth disease is the same.
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Sand flies and midges can transmit vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Mainly sandlies and blackflies, but midges and flies can also transmit
In the case of vesicular stomatitis vesicles are formed only at the place of entry of the virus.
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Salivation is a clinical sign of vesicular stomatitis.
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- anorexia, salivation
- limping
- drop of milk production
Vesicular stomatitis cannot be prevented with vaccines.
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The vesicular stomatitis virus is uniform, there are no serotypes, variants etc.
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Numerous genotypes, due to frequent mutations in the glycoprotein
The resistance of the vesicular stomatitis virus is low.
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Vesicular stomatitis virus can be transmitted by direct contact or arthropods.
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Vesicular stomatitis virus can cause lesions on the teats.
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- decreased milk production
The host range of the vesicular stomatitis virus is wide.
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Vesicular stomatitis is endemic in America.
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Vesicular stomatitis virus infects only swine.
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Cattle are not susceptible to vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Vesicular stomatitis virus can infect humans.
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Lesions of vesicular stomatitis heal within a few weeks.
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There are no vaccines for the prevention of vesicular stomatitis.
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- inactivated vaccine
live attenuated vaccine ( South America)
Insects are involved in the transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Vesicular stomatitis virus can spread by direct contact.
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Vesicular stomatitis virus can cause severe disease in humans.
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T??
RARELY, but we CAN see encephalitis in children
Ephemeral fever virus is transmitted by arthropods.
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Mosquito bite
Direct contact is the main way of transmission of ephemeral fever virus
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-mosquito bite
Ephemeral fever is a frequent disease all over the world
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tropical areas: Africa, Australia, Asia
Ephemeral fever is a zoonotic disease
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Ephemeral fever virus is shed in large amount in the saliva.
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No shedding of virus !!
Ephemeral fever occurs only in America.
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- Africa
- Australia
- Asia (Middle-East, South-Eastern Asia)
The morbidity is high, the mortality is low in the case of ephemeral fever.
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Drop of milk production is a common sign of ephemeral fever
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Ephemeral fever occurs in the tropical countries.
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Inhalation of the tracheal discharge is the main way of infection with ephemeral fever virus.
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by mosquito bite
The clinical signs of ephemeral fever are more severe in horses than cattle.
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Does not affect horses
Animals with ephemeral fever have fever for about 2-3 days
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Hence the name: three-day-sickness
In the case of silent rabies rabid dogs cannot bark.
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There is a high level of cross protection between phylogroups of rabies viruses
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cross protection within the phylogroups
Humans can be infected with European bat lyssaviruses in case of direct contact.
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Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies can be seen in the case of rabies
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Only carnivorous animals are susceptible to rabies virus.
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Rabies virus is uniform without serotypes, genotypes etc.
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17 genotypes !!
Aggressiveness is a frequent sign of rabies.
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Puppies have to be vaccinated against rabies at the age of 6 weeks.
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only after 3 months, due to maternal antibodies
Humans can be infected with European bat lyssaviruses in case of direct contact.
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Rabies virus can infect humans; however, humans are not very susceptible
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=accidental hosts
Bat lyssaviruses cannot infect humans
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Bats infected with European bat lyssaviruses frequently attack animals
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Rabies is a notifiable disease
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Increased sex drive is a frequent sign of rabies.
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Sylvatic rabies is maintained by wild living animals.
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Foxes maintain sylvatic rabies in Europe
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Racoon is one of the species that maintains sylvatic rabies in America
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In order to prevent sylvatic rabies, foxes are vaccinated per os with live vaccine in bait
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Changed behaviour and paralysis are clinical signs of rabies
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The incubation time of rabies is generally 24-72 hours; however, exceptions can occur
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long (usually 2-8 weeks), depends on:
- host species, age
- site of infection
- virus strain
- virus dose
- dormant period in certain species –
The incubation time of rabies is generally 2-8 weeks; however, exceptions can occur
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long (usually 2-8 weeks), depends on:
- host species, age
- site of infection
- virus strain
- virus dose
- dormant period in certain species –
Rabies virus can only be transmitted with bite
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bite, other wounds, scratches
The host range of rabies is very narrow, mainly dogs and foxes are susceptible
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Only carnivorous animals are susceptible to rabies virus
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Dogs have to be observed for 14 days if they have bitten humans.
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Herbivorous animals bitten by foxes can be emergency slaughtered
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or post-exposure vaccination
Rabies virus can be detected with immunofluorescence test
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Rabies virus appears in the saliva 2-3 days after the onset of the clinical signs
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Shedding can start before onset of clinical signs
Lethality of rabies in humans is high
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100%
The resistance of rabies virus is low; it cannot survive in the environment for a long time
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no survival in environment
Rabies can be diagnosed by detection of antibodies in paired sera
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only done to check the level of protection
Antibodies against rabies detected with ELISA confirm the diagnosis of rabies
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Rabies virus is spreading along the nerves in the host
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Urban rabies has been eradicated from the Earth.
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Urban rabies is maintained by dogs and cats.
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Rabies occurs only in tropical countries
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Herbivores animals are generally dead end hosts of rabies
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Rabies virus replicates in the lymphocytes
F.
- virus get into muscle/skin/mm
- slow replication at periphery nerves
Postmortem examination of rabid animals is forbidden
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done in dead animals
Haemorrhages of the serous membranes are typical postmortem lesions of rabies
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No clear pathological finding
Rabies can be diagnosed only by using PCR.
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- PCR
- IF
- ISOLATION
- HISTOLOGY
Post exposition vaccine against rabies can be given to ruminants bitten by foxes
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Rabies virus does not penetrate the blood vessels.
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Rabies: one of the important symptoms is the change of behaviour.
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Rabies: one important symptom is paralysis
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In rabies we find purulent encephalitis in negri-bodies.
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With immunofluorescence test we can diagnose rabies.
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We can diagnose rabies by antibody detection test.
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Rabies cannot be diagnosed by serology, this is only done to check the vaccine protection titre
When an animal which is infected with rabies virus attacks another dog, it should be vaccinated immediately
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If suspected infection = observation for 90 days
Concern for infection = observation for 14 days
The difference? I don’t know😂
Rabies is a uniform virus.
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Rabies is a resistant virus.
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Weak resistance, no survival in environment
Warm blooded animals can be infected with rabies.
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Rabies can be transmitted only by saliva.
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Fox rabies: we can use live vaccines.
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Since 2002 rabies is eradicated from Hungary
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New cases in 2022-23
Humans can be infected by Rabies bite.
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Humans can be infected by Rabies during organ transplants.
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Rabies virus is spreading in the infected animals peri-neural.
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Rabies virus is shed in the saliva, before appearance of the clinical signs.
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The incubation of rabies is generally less than one week.
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ong (usually 2-8 weeks)
The rabies virus is a uniform virus without serotypes, genotypes, subtypes etc.
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Only carnivorous animals are susceptible to rabies virus .
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High amount of rabies virus is shed in the saliva.
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The causative agent of rabies is a uniform virus, without different types or groups.
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The resistance of the rabies virus is good, it retains infectivity for several months in the environment .
F
All warm-blooded animals are susceptible to rabies virus.
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Rabies virus is shed in high titre in the saliva.
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Paralysis is a clinical sign of rabies.
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Foxes are vaccinated with attenuated bait vaccine.
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Cattle bitten by rabid animals may be vaccinated post exposition or slaughtered.
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Humans can be infected with rabies, only by being bitten by rabid animals.
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organ transplantation, contact with infected animal
Rabies virus is spreading along the nerves to the central nervous system.
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Rabies virus is shed in the saliva only after the appearance of the clinical signs.
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Changed behaviour is a typical sign of rabies.
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Focal necrosis in the liver is a typical lesion of rabies.
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no clear pathological lesions
Immunofluorescence test is widely used diagnostic method in the case of rabies.
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classic gold standard method, together with PCR
Virus neutralization test is used to the laboratory diagnosis of rabies cases.
F
Dogs have to be vaccinated for the prevention of rabies at the age of 3 months for the first time.
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Increased salivation is a clinical sign of rabies.
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Always the furious form of rabies can be seen in dogs.
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It is most common, but dumb form can also be seen
Colic can be a sign of rabies in horses.
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- itching at site of exposure
excitation - aggressiveness
- scrapes with hoof
- bites objects
- colic, injuries
Changed behaviour is a clinical sign of rabies of wild living animals.
T
Only the classical rabies virus can cause clinical signs, the other genotypes not.
F
The sylvatic form of rabies is maintained by different wild living animals.
T
Rabies virus causes viraemia soon after infection.
F
No viraemia!
Saliva can contain rabies virus, before the appearance of clinical signs.
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Humans are not susceptible to European bat lyssaviruses.
F
There is no haematogenic spreading of the rabies virus.
F
T??
Blood is not infectious, together with urine and faeces
Increased sexual activity is seen in rabid cattle.
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Dogs have to be vaccinated against rabies in the first week of life.
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Cattle bitten by a rabid animal can be vaccinated after exposition.
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The rabid bats fly during the day.
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Immunofluorescence (IF) is reliable in the diagnosis of rabies.
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Only the classical rabies virus is present in Europe.
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Urban form of rabies is maintained by the fox in Europe.
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By dogs, sometimes cat
Rabies virus is highly resistant.
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low
Rabies virus cannot be cultured.
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Presence of antibodies to rabies virus confirms the diagnosis of rabies.
F
Detection of Negri bodies is more sensitive than immunofluorescence test, in the case of rabies.
F
Virus isolation is the most widely used way of diagnosis of rabies.
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IF and PCR is mostly used to diagnose
Inhalation of the virus is the main way of infection with rabies virus.
F
Rabies virus is replicating in the lymphoid cells and causes viraemia before the appearance of the clinical signs.
F
The incubation time of rabies is variable, generally between 2 and 8 weeks.
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Immunofluorescence test can be used to the detection of rabies virus in the brain.
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Rabid animals have to be vaccinated immediately.
F
In cats furious form of rabies is typical.
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In dogs both furious and silent form of rabies can occur.
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Rabies has been eradicated in Europe.
F
Rabies spread through venereal.
F
The high-titre of virus neutralizing antibodies confirms the diagnosis of rabies.
F
Live vaccines are used for the vaccination of foxes against rabies
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Rabies symptoms appear only after CNS signs
F
Rabies virus can only be found in the nervous system
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