PQ MT1 Flashcards by Hanne Maria Hansen

What kind of externel coaptation should be used for transporting a horse with an ulna fracture?

Robert Jones bandage from elbow to splint bone

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A three year old standardbred colt was presented with acute severe lameness. What is the prognosis of this disorder in racehorses?

Fracture Ph 1

Reasonable prognosis, just over 40%

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What is the previous step before measuring debth with a debth gauge, while you are performing fracture repair with a cortical screw inserting it in lag fashion?

You counter sink screw

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A three year old standardbred colt was pressented with acute lameness.
What is the diagnosis of this disorder in racehorses?

Fracture Ph1, Fracture of saggital edge on Mc3

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A three year old standardbred colt was pressented with acute severe lameness.
Describe the readiographic view (fracture Ph1)

Not the exact pictue, but same view

Dorso palmar view

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Name a disease and how do you call foot, diverging rings on the hoof wall and concave dorsal hoof wall, while looking at it from the side.

Chronic Laminitis

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Cranial phase of stride, while having swinging limb lamenes of the front limp.

Which phase is affected and what is the effect?

Shortened cranial phase

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Septic distal interphalangeal joint with regional limb perfusion.
* Which AB,
* Which dosage, and how many ml?

40-60 ml Gentamycin

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3 most importaint points to recognising lameness on hind limbs.

Visual
Palpation
Provocation exam

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Describe digital flexion test on front limb

You keep the hoof flexed for 1min and you immidiately trot the horse to evaluate the changes in lameness. Carefull not to flex the joints of the proximal phalanxes.

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Extending hook passively, the achilles tendon becomes loosenedm can also flex stifle. Diagnosis

Something wrong with the resiprocal apparatus
M.Peroneus tertius rupture

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Toe in, how does the arch look from the top

Turning out, in, straight?

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Hyperextention bad quality picture

Pointing in

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Which nerves are desensitized whith the abaxial sesamoidean nerve blocks in the hindlimb?
1. Medial and lateral plantar metatarsal nerves
2. Medial and lateral plantar nerves
3. Medial and lateral plantar digital nerves
4. Medial and lateral abaxial sessamoidean nerves

3 Medial and lateral plantar digital nerves

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Between which muscles do you insert the needle for perineural nerve block?

Common and lateral digital extensor muscles
Lateral digital extensor and gastrocnemius muscle
Long and lateral digital extensor muscles
Lateral digital extensor and deep digital flexor muscles

3 Long and lateral digital extensor muscles

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How much local anaesthetic solution do you need for intra-articular anaesthesia of the tarsometatarsal joint?
1. 1-2 ml
2. 3-4 ml
3. 5-6 ml
4. 7-8ml

3-4 ml

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Which structure is being palpated with the left hand?
1. Body of the suspensory ligament
2. Branch of the suspensory ligament
3. Deep digital flexor tendon
4. Lateral proximal sesamoidean bone

Branch of the suspensory ligament

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Which needle is the most appropriate for intra-articular anaesthesia of the stifle?
1. 18 G
2. 20 G
3. 22 G
4. 24 G

18 G

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Which is the first line diagnostic imaging tool to detect a tendon injury?
1. Ultrasonography
2. Radiology
3. CT
4. MRI

Ultrasonography

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Which tendon/ligament injury is commonly a result of a single traumatic injury?
1. A core lesion of the superficial digital frexor tendon
2. Rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon in the pastern region
3. Proximal suspensory desmopathy
4. Rupture of the collateral ligament of the fetlock joint

A core lesion of the superficial digital frexor tendon

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Which synovial structure is distended on the picture?
1. Tendon sheat of the extensor carpi radialis
2. Digital flexor tendon sheat
3. Carpal sheat
4. Tendon sheat of the lateral digital extensor tendon

Tendon sheath of the lateral digital extensor tendon

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What landmarks are used for arthrocentesis of the femorotibial joint?
1. Medial collateral ligament of the femorotibial joint, medial patellar ligament, tibial plateau
2. Medial collateral ligament of the femorotibial joint, medial patellar ligament, medial femoral condyle
3. Medial collateral ligament of the femorotibial joint, middle patellar ligament, tibial plateau
4. Middle and medial patellar ligaments, medial femoral condyle

3 Medial collateral ligament of the femorotibial joint, middle patellar ligament, tibial plateau

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Which treatment is contraindicated for intra-lesional injection of tendon injuries?
1. Hyaluronic acid
2. Corticosteroids
3. Stem cells
4. Platelet rich plasma

Corticosteroids

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Which of these tendons/ligaments have a positional role
1. Suspensory ligament
2. Deep digital flexor tendon
3. Superficial digital flexor tendon
4. Common digital extensor tendon

Common digital extensor tendon

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This transverse ultrasonographic image was obtained in the region of the fetlock canal. Which structure is indicated by the arrow? 1. Superficial digital flexor tendon 2. Deep digital flexor tendon 3. Straight sesamoidean ligament 4. Digital flexor tendon sheath

Deep digital flexor tendon

What is your diagnosis?

Carpal Valgus

For which....?

Carpal? Valgus

What is the name of this surgical technique?

Periosteal stripping

What is your diagnosis in this forelimb?

Common digital extensor tendon rupture

Whright down the diagnosis, the anatomic localization and the correct description of the radiographic view.

A.Diagnosis: OCD/OC Region: Tarsus View: Dorsomedial plantar lateral oblique

Write down the diagnosis, the anatomic localisation and the correct description of the radiographic view?

A.Diagnosis: OCD/OC Region: Stifle View: Lateral medial

What are the chances, that you can find OCD lesions in the opposite hock after diagnosing OCD in one hock?

44-56%

What is the most frequent location of subchondral cystic lesions in horses?

Medial Femoral Condyle

Write down three options for treating subchondral bone cyst of the pros. radius in yearlings!

1. Steroid injection into the cyst 2. Position screw through cyst 3. Enucleation of the cyst inside the lining

What kind of substances are responsible for water binding capacity of the hyaline cartilage?

PSGAG-Polysulfates glycosaminoglycan

Write down three radiological signs of oesteoarthritis!

1. Narrowing joint space 2. Subchondral sclerosis 3. Subchondral cysts lesions

Which needle is the most appropriate for a low four point block? A. 18G B. 20G C. 22G D. ?

C. 22G (23-25G)

What is your diagnosis? A. Fetlock hyperextention B. Fetlock Valgus C. Flexural deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joint D. Flexural deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint

C. Flexural deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joint

What can you see in the picture? A. Preparation of arthroscopy B. Intraarticular medication of AB C. Regional limb perfusion D. Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficiak digital flexor tendon

C. Regional limb perfusion

This transverse ultrasonographic image in the What is the adviced dosage of triamcinoclone acetate for treating the distal inter phalange allergy joint intraarticuarly? A. 5mg B. 20mg C. 40mg D. 80mg

A. 5mg

What is your diagnosis? (side view)

Chronic laminitis

What is your diagnosis? How would you treat it? What is the prognosis on this case?

Diagnosis: * Canker Treatment: * Superficial debridement * Topical Antibiotics * Clean dry environment Prognosis: * Guarded-depends on the case and the owners ability to provide trimming and suitable environment

Write down the diagnosis of the lesion, what is the location and what is the radiographic view?

Diagnosis: * Oesteoarthritis Location: * Tarsal joint View: * Lateromedial

Which joint is punctured in this picture?

Hock region-Tarsometatarsal joint

Write done 3 parameters of the synovial fluid in a normal joint!

Leukocytes=0.5 G/l Neutrophil<10% TP<2.5 g/dl

What is your diagnosis? Describe the anatomical location, joint and the radiographic view!

Diagnosis: OCD Region: Hock View: PLDMO

Which synovial structure can be involved if the nail goes through “e”?

Deep digital flexor tendon

Describe 3 different appearances of OCD (Osteochondritis Dissecans) in the horse?

* Flattening of the joint surface * Cartilage flaps free in joint * OCD fragments free in joint

List two effects of flunixin meglumine in horses.

Anti-inflammatory Analgesic

What administration routes can be used to give metoclopramide to horses?

Oral Intravenous

How many millilitres of injection solution can be given to one site intramuscularly in a horse?

Depending on area * neck: 5-10ml, * pectorals: 10ml, * semitendinous: 20ml

List two possible complications of intravenous drug administration in horses

Thrombophlebitis Abscess

What should you consider when you choose a horse as a blood donor in cases of blood transfusion

1. Has the horse previously received a blood transfusion 2. Has the horse previously had a foal

What is the primary indication of neostigmine administration in horses?

Prokinetic

List two indications of plasma administration in horses.

1. Hypoproteinemia 2. Strangulating intestines 3. Entercolitis

Which nerves are desensitised with the abaxial sesamoid nerve blocks in the hindlimb? 1. Medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves 2. Lateral palmar nerves 3. Medial palmar nerves 4. Lateral palmar accessory nerve

1. Medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves

Between which muscles do you insert the needle in order for perineal nerve block?

Long and lateral digital extensor muscles

How much local anaesthetic solution do you need for intra-articular anaesthesia of the tarsometatarsal joint?

3-4ml

How much local anaesthesia solution do you use for intra-articular anaesthesia of the distal interphalangeal joint?

5-6ml

Which needle is best for intra-articular anaesthesia of the distal interphalangeal joint ?

19 G

Which structure is being palpated by the right thumb of the examiner?

Deep digital flexor

Which diagnosing imagine tool is best for diagnosing bone oedema? 1. Ultrasound 2. Radiograph 3. CT 4. MRI

MRI

Which tendon/ligament injury is the most commons is show jumper horses? 1. Core lesion of the superficial digital flexor tendon 2. Rupture of deep digital flexor tendon in the pastern region 3. Proximal suspensory demopathy 4. Rupture of collateral ligament of fetlock joint

1. Core lesion of the superficial digital flexor tendon

Effusion of which structure is seen on this image? 1. The tendonsheat of m.flexor carpi radialis 2. Digital flexor tendon sheat 3. The palmar recess of the fetlock joint 4. The tendon sheat of the lateral digital flexor tendon

2. Digital flexor tendon sheat

Injury of which tendon is likely in the left forelimb?

Superficial digital flexor tendon

This transverse ultrasonographic image in the proximal metacarpal region. Which structure is indicated by the arrow?

Accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon

List 2 muscles that are applicable for IM drug administration in adult horses

1. **Neck** (triangle) Cervical vert, scapula, lig. Nuchea. Max 10 ml. (and pectoral) 2. **Semimembranosus, semitendinosus.** Tuber ichiadicum, below one hand. (back) 3. **Gluteal muscle**. Pelvis, tuber ichiadicum – inbetween. Usually AB (red needle) **4. Pectoral m. **

What is the most used colloid solutions (Plasma expander) in horses?

o Colloids: **HES**, **Plasma**, (increase osmotic p. in vein) *** VOLUVEN (HES) * Glucose**

What is the anatomical region for subcuaneous injection of adult horses?

Neck or pectoral

List the 3 IV crystalloid sulutions which can be used in horses?

* Sodium chloride, * Salisol, * Ringers lactate(better for PH)

List the 2 drugs (active ingredients) with prokinetic effect which are used in horses

Neostigmine Metoclopramide

List 3 veins that can be used of IV application in adult horses

1. V.Jugularis 2. V. Carotis externa 3. (V. Cephalica/Saphena) | #3 = not saffe

What routes are suitable for Phenylbutazone to adult horses?

PO IV

One example of frequently occuring location for SH-2 (saliber harris) type fracture in horses

PHYSEAL FRACTURES IN FOALS *** Physis area on the distal radius** **- Type I:** physialysis – **- Type II:** typical fracture in the **proximal tibia** -** Type III:**** intraarticular fracture** eg. **distal tibia** - cant use cast, but screws to fix the fracture - **Type IV: **eg. **dist humerus, femur, most important**

What are the first 3 steps of cortical screw fixation in lag fashion?

1. Drill glide hole through the fracture 2. Concentric thread hole 3. Countersin

List the 3 different appearance of OCD (Osteochondritis Dissecans) in the horse

*** Flattening of the joint surface** * Cartilage flap without rad. changes *** Cartilage flaps free in joint (Free floating)** * Cartilage with subchondral bone changes *** OCD fragments free in joint**