Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm 2024 > PPT 6- ANS & Sympathetic transmission > Flashcards

PPT 6- ANS & Sympathetic transmission Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

What is the afferent pathway, and what information is sent?

A

going towards CNS
a) special sensory receptors - 5 senses, except touch
b) somatic sensory receptors - skin, skeletal muscle, pressure, pain
c) visceral sensory receptors - internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the efferent pathway, and what information is sent?

A

going away from CNS
a) somatic nervous system - conscious control
b) autonomic nervous system - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands. (parasympathetic and sympathetic NS)
c) enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are neuron cell bodies for the somatic system located?

A

in the CNS

has axons that leave the CNS, but cell bodies are in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are neuron cell bodies of the autonomic system located?

A

outside the CNS (ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the enteric system?

A

primitive system, gut feeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the nerve that is important for regulating cardiac function?

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chain ganglion are present in which NS? parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do sympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

Thoracolumbar region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are sympathomimetic drugs?

A

Mimic the effects of NE binding to receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sympathetic NS postganglionic fibers release which neurotransmitter?

A

NE, skeletal muscles and sweat glands release ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

For sympathetic NS, preganglionic fibers are ________, while postganglionic fibers are _________.

A

preganglionic= short
postganglionic= long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

For parasympathetic NS, preganglionic fibers are ________, while postganglionic fibers are __________

A

Preganglionic= long
postganglionic= short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

Craniosacral regions.

Most from brainstem, bladder and genitals from sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sympathetic NS preganglionic fibers release which neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which drugs are direct acting sympathomimetics?

A

Epinephrine, isoproterenol, albuterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which drugs are indirect acting sympathomimetics?

A

ephedrine and amphetamines

don’t bind directly to receptor, but block the reuptake of NE or reverse the NET, leaving NE in the synapse longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What effects are seen from sympathomimetics?

A

Vasoconstriction
Increased inotropic and chronotropic effects
Decrease bronchiole tone
Decreased uterine muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are sympatholytics?

A

drugs that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system

alpha/beta blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What effects are seen from sympatholytics?

A

vasodilation, decreased BP
decreased chronotropy (heart rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which muscarinic receptors are excitatory?

A

M1, M3, M5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which muscarinic receptors are inhibitory?

A

M2, M4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What neurotransmitter(s) acts on cholinergic receptors?

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What neurotransmitter(s) acts on adrenergic receptors?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many types of alpha receptors are there?

A

2

alpha 1
alpha 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many types of beta receptors are there?

A

3

beta1, heart
beta2, lungs
beta3, fat tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many types of dopamine receptors are there?

A

5

D1-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which alpha receptors are stimulatory and what does it activate?

A

alpha 1, activates Gq protein, activates phospholipase C which activates secondary messengers IP3 and DAG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which alpha receptors are inhibitory and what does it inhibit?

A

alpha 2, inhibits adenylyl cyclase; leads to decreased cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is the ganglia located in the sympathetic NS?

A

Close to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where is the ganglia located in the parasympathetic NS?

A

In the visceral effector organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The enteric NS is mainly under _____ control

A

parasympathetic
Sympathetic input mainly inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Many neurons in the enteric NS are mostly _____

A

non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the effectors of the ANS vs somatic?

A

ANS - cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands (not skeletal)
Somatic - skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Axons of the ANS are a ___-neuron chain

A

2
- The preganglionic (first) neuron has a lightly myelinated axon
- The ganglionic (second) neuron extends to an effector organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In the skeletal muscle, there are ____ ganglion

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In the ANS, the preganglionic fibers release ____, while postganglionic fibers release ____

A

ACh
NE or ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Parasympathetic NS mostly releases what neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The sympathetic NS mostly releases what neurotransmitter?

A

NE, some ACh (sweat glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Sympathetic drugs that mimic the sympathetic nervous system are called _____

A

Sympathomimetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Albuterol directly acts on what?

A

beta receptors in lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sympathomimetics are taken up by ____

A

NET (NE transporter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ionotropic is ____ chronotropic is ____

A

Force, rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Propranolol

A

Beta selective sympatholytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Phentolamine

A

Alpha selective sympatholytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Labetolol

A

Mixed selective sympatholytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Are Beta receptors inhibitory or stimulatory?

A

All beta receptors are stimulatory - stimulates adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

A

GPCRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What type of receptors are nicotinic receptors?

A

Ion channels

44
Q

What are the adrenergic receptors? What do they respond to?

A

Alpha, beta, dopamine
NE

45
Q

What are the 2 nicotinic receptor subtypes in the PNS? Where are they located?

A

Neuronal (occurs at ganglion)
Muscular (occurs skeletal muscle endplates)

46
Q

Where are dopamine receptors located?

A

mostly in brain, some in smooth muscle, CV, and kidneys

47
Q

What is the GPCR that alpha 1 activates? Effector?

A

Gq/G11 - activates phospholipase C

48
Q

What is the GPCR that alpha 2 activates? Effector?

A

Gi - inhibits adenylate cyclase

49
Q

What is the GPCR that beta activates? Effector?

A

Gs - stimulates adenylate cyclase

50
Q

Where are alpha 1 receptors primarily found?

A

in the smooth muscle cell that surrounds the blood vasculature

51
Q

How does IP3 work to increase BP?

A
  • IP3 opens Ca++ channels from sarcoplasmic reticulum → releasing Ca++ into cell
  • Ca++ in smooth muscle cell activates enzymes MLCK → MLCK phosphorylates myosin → contraction of smooth muscle cell → increased BP
52
Q

How does DAG work to increase BP?

A

DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) → Ca++ sensitization → inhibits MLCP (removes phosphate from myosin) → more active myosin → contraction → increase BP

53
Q

How does the activation of beta receptors work in the heart?

A

NE activates beta receptors - G stimulatory → stimulates adenylyl cyclase → increases cAMP → activates PK-A → more ICF Ca++ (from ECF and from sarcoplasmic reticulum) → contraction

54
Q

How does the activation of beta 2 receptors work in the peripheral muscle?

A

NE binds to B2 in periphery → Increases cAMP → inhibit MLCK → no active myosin → relaxation - allows peripheral vessels to dilate

55
Q

Describe the negative feedback loop of NE

A

NE in the synapse for a prolonged period will inhibit further NE release by binding to alpha 2 on the cell that released it - keeps heart from working too hard

56
Q

What are the primary sympathetic receptors?

A

Alpha and beta

57
Q

What are the primary parasympathetic receptors?

A

Cholinergic receptors

58
Q

_____ causes dilation of skeletal blood vessels, whereas ____ causes constriction of the blood vessels in the abdominopelvic cavity

A

ACh, NE

59
Q

Skeletal muscle blood vessels are innervated by

A

ACh postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division - dilation

60
Q

Describe how the autonomic feedback loop works to lower an increase in MAP

A

Baroreceptors sense increased pressure on arteries → notifies CNS vasomotor center → activate PANS → ACh release → decrease HR and CO→ MAP back to normal

61
Q

Describe how the autonomic feedback loop works to raise a decrease in MAP

A

Decrease in MAP → baroreceptors sense this → notifies CNS vasomotor center → activates SNS → NE binds to alpha and beta 1 receptors → increases MAP
- beta 1 receptors in heart (increase HR and CO)
Increases contractile force
- alpha receptors in peripheral vasculature (increasing blood return to heart)
Increases venous tone

62
Q

Describe how the hormonal feedback loop responds to a decrease in MAP in the RAA system

A

MAP too low → kidney senses in tubules (juxtaglomerular apparatus) → releases renin → activates angiotensin cascade (can restrict blood flow directly or go to adrenal cortex) → increases aldosterone production → take up more water in blood volume, produce less urine → increased venous return → increased SV → increased CO → increased MAP

63
Q

What is a heteroreceptor?

A

A receptor on the neuron that responds to something that the neuron isn’t releasing (releases epi and receptor for ACh, slows down the release of epi)

64
Q

What is an autoreceptor?

A

A receptor that responds to the same neurotransmitter that is being released (epi and epi)
Can be inhibitory (negative feedback) or excitatory (positive feedback)

65
Q

What are the mechanisms for presynaptic regulation feedback control?

A

Herteroreceptors and autoreceptors - receptors on the cell releasing neurotransmitters

66
Q

Compare the SNS vs PANS of the SA node and which receptors are present

A

SNS: accelerates SA node - B1 and B2
PANS: decelerates the SA node - M2

67
Q

Compare the SNS vs PANS of the heart contractility and which receptors are present

A

SNS: increases heart contractility - B1 and B2
PANS: decreases heart contractility - M2

68
Q

Compare the SNS vs PANS of bronchiolar smooth muscle and which receptors are present

A

SNS: relaxes bronchiolar smooth muscle - B2
PANS: contracts bronchiolar smooth muscle - M3

69
Q

Compare the SNS vs PANS of the blood vessels and which receptors are present

A

SNS:
- alpha: vasoconstriction of smooth blood vessels → dominant effect
- beta and cholinergic - vasodilation of arterioles in skeletal muscles

PANS: vasodilation of GI tract, genitalia, and salivary glands; little effect on total peripheral resistance - M3

70
Q

At rest, skeletal muscles take up ___% of circulating blood flow

A

20%

71
Q

During physical activity or sympathetic stimulation, skeletal muscles take up to ___% of circulating blood flow

A

80&

72
Q

Differentiate between cholinomimetics, parasympatholytics, sympathomimetics, and sympatholytics

A

Cholinomimetics (Parasympathomimetics) - mimic the effects of ACh
Parasympatholytics (Antimuscarinics) - Block effect of PANS
Sympathomimetics - Mimic effect of SNS
Sympatholytics (α-blockers, β-blockers) - Block SNS

73
Q

The ____ is the gap between the neuron and the cell

A

synapse

74
Q

List three types of synapses

A
  • Electrical (gap junctions)
  • Chemical
  • En passant (place other than axon terminal)
75
Q

The synapse is the target for many drugs, including

A

Sleep modulators, general anesthetics - CNS
CV - PNS

76
Q

What is the role of the neuron?

A

Sends AP from neuron cell body to the telodendria (endpoints) capped with synaptic boutons (where neurotransmitters are stored)

77
Q

info is coming into neuron through the _____

A

Dendrites

78
Q

Action potentials are generated in the ________

A

axon hillock

79
Q

What are the types of synapses?

A

Chemical - neurotransmitters
Electrical - Gap junctions

80
Q

After nurotransmitters are released, they are either

A

Broken down by enzymes and/or taken up into presynaptic cell

81
Q

What are En Passant Synapses?

A
  • Axon has swellings that can release neurotransmitters in some neurons
  • Additional synapses between cells
  • One neuron can effect multiple different effectors
82
Q

Describe the main stages of synaptic transmission

A
83
Q

What are the 4 possibilities of neurotransmitter fate?

A

All decrease neurotransmitter in synapse
1. Diffuses away from synapse
2. Degraded by enzymes
3. Uptake into pre-synaptic cell
4. Uptake into surrounding cells

84
Q

What are the 6 Neurotransmitter Classes?

A
  1. Esters
  2. Monoamines
  3. Amino Acids
  4. Purines
  5. Peptides
  6. Inorganic gases
85
Q

Give an example of an ester neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

86
Q

Give an example of a monoamine neurotransmitter

A

NE, Serotonin, Dopamine

87
Q

Give an example of an amino acid neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate, GABA, glycine

88
Q

Give an example of a purine neurotransmitter

A

Adenosine, ATP

89
Q

Give an example of a peptide neurotransmitter

A

Substance P, Endorphins - mediate pain and analgesia

90
Q

Give an example of a inorganic gas neurotransmitter

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

91
Q

NO is different than other neurotransmitters because it is not ______

A

stored - made as needed by nitric oxide synthase

92
Q

Compare the speed of nicotinic vs muscarinic receptors

A

Nicotinic - Ion Channel - FAST (NMJ)
Muscarinic - GPCRs - slower

93
Q

Monamines are released by

A

Adrenergic Fibers

94
Q

All human emotions can be boiled down to which 3 neurotransmitters?

A

NE, dopamine, and serotonin
Lovheim Cube of Emotion
If deficient in any of these in CNS, can’t fell full range of emotions

95
Q

How do SSRIs work to treat depression?

A

Prevent re-uptake of serotonin, allows serotonin to stay in synapse longer

96
Q

What is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in brain?

A

Glutamate

97
Q

What are the inhibitory neurotransmitters in brain?

A

Glycine and GABA

98
Q

Differentiate between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

A
  • Excitatory neurotransmitters cause depolarizations (e.g., glutamate)
  • Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause hyperpolarizations (e.g., GABA and glycine)
99
Q

What happens at a cholinergic synapse?

A
  1. Starts from an AP coming from the axon hillock in the neuron → travels down the axon to terminal bouton → terminal bouton becomes depolarized
  2. Ca influx into terminal and binds to vesicles that bind to the surface of the cell, destabilizes storage vesicles → release of ACh into the synaptic cleft (exocytosis)
  3. ACh binds to receptors, opening Na channels and depolarizing post-synaptic cell → increase in Ca++
  4. ACh broken down by AChE
100
Q

Describe the formation and transport of ACh

A
  1. ACh made in the cytoplasm of the cell that is releasing it
  2. Transported into vesicles
101
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that creates ACh? Where is it found?

A

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) - found inside the neuron

102
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down ACh? Where is it found?

A

Aceytlcholinesterase (AChE) - found in the synapse
Breaks down ACh into Acetic acid and choline

103
Q

What are the transport molecules for ACh?

A

CHT – choline transporter into neuron - co-transporter with Na via facilitated diffusion
VAT – transports ACh into vesicle

104
Q

What are the components of the anchoring/docking portion of the cholinergic transmission?

A

SNARE Complex - Syntaxin and SNAP-25 - anchor vesicles near release site
VAMP - vesicular associated membrane protein, a part of the synaptic membrane

105
Q

What is the Ca++ sensor in the anchoring/docking portion of the cholinergic transmission?

A

Synaptotagmin - Binds to calcium during efflux → facilitates rapid exocytosis

106
Q

What are the 4 steps of cholinergic transmission?

A

Transport, anchoring/docking, priming, and fusion

107
Q

The priming portion of cholinergic transmission is

A
  • ATP dependent
  • Supports rapid exocytosis
108
Q

The fusion portion of the cholinergic transmission is

A

Calcium-induced (synaptotagmin)
- Fusion of membrane (fast)
- Fusion pore

109
Q

What are the 5 cholinergic Inhibitors?

A
  1. Hemicholiniums – CHT
    • Block choline transport (not therapeutic drug, experimental research)
  2. Vesamicol – VAT
    • Block acetylcholine transporter (research)
  3. Calcium channel blockers – Voltage gated calcium channels
    • Decreasing HR and BP
    • High levels of calcium channel blockers can inhibit neuron transmission
  4. Botulinum toxin – vesicle release fusion proteins
    • Proteins blocked by botox - paralyzes muscle b/c ACh can’t come out, no contraction
    • Treatment for wrinkles and excessive sweating
  5. Sarin (nerve gas) – AChE inhibitor
    • Blocks breakdown of ACh all over body all at once → OD of ACh → death if not treated with atropine
110
Q

In Myasthenia Gravis, we want to ____ ACh

A

Increase by blocking AChE

111
Q

In Myasthenia Gravis, there is creation of antibodies against

A

ACh receptors

112
Q

Tyrosine is the precursor to

A

L-dopa, dopamine, NE, epinephrine

113
Q

NE isn’t broken down in the synapse, but taken back up into the ___ by the transporter ____

A

Presynaptic neuron, NET

114
Q

The enzyme that breaks down monoamines is

A

Monoamine oxidase

115
Q

How do MAOIs treat depression? What is the catch?

A

MAOIs prevent the breakdown of NE and dopamine
Dangerous because can lead to high levels of neurotransmitters and a lot of drug interactions

116
Q

What are the 7 targets for cholinergic drug action?

A
  1. Synthesis of Neurotransmitter
  2. Storage of Neurotransmitter
  3. Vesicle Secretion
  4. Vesicle Cycling and Endocytosis
  5. Reuptake of Neurotransmitter
  6. Biotransformation of Neurotransmitter
    • MAOIs
  7. Neurotransmitter Receptor - Multiple
117
Q

Differentiate between the 2 vesicle fusion hypotheses: when releasing neurotransmitters, why does the neuron end plate not get larger?

A
  • Clathirin coated pit recycling - clathirin embedded in membranes reform vesicles that go back up into the neuron - recycling of vesicles - so that vesicles can be reloaded
  • “Kiss-and-run” - vesicle touches membrane, opens up, and then goes back to being closed and returns to the neuron

Pharm 2024 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions