Immunopharmacology Flashcards
Final
3 functions of the immune system
- Prevent pathogen invasion
- Eliminate pathogens from the body
- Limit the size and location of the invasion
Differentiate between the 2 types of host defenses
Innate - first and second line of defense
Acquired - third line of defense, B and T cells
What 3 components are involved in the first line of defense?
Physical barriers, chemical barriers, and genetic components
What 4 components are involved in the second line of defense?
Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins
What are the components involved in the third line of defense?
- B and T cells
active - infection
passive - maternal antibodies
What are the 5 immune system cytokines?
- Interleukins (ILs)
- Interferons (IFNs)
- Growth factors
- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
- Chemokines
______ are the cytokines that signal among leukocytes
Interleukins (ILs)
_______ are the cytokines that are antiviral proteins
Interferons (IFNs)
______ are the cytokines that are proteins that stimulate stem cells to divide
Growth factors
_______ are the cytokines that are secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
______ are chemotactic cytokines that signal leukocytes to move
chemokines
What are the 2 types of hyposensitivity?
Primary (born with) and secondary (acquired)
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity?
Types I-IV - ACID
- A – Anaphylaxis, allergies
- C - Cytotoxic
- I – Immune complex
- D - Delayed
_________ is the primary immunodeficiency disease lacking a thymus
DiGeorge Syndrome: No Thymus (no T cells)
_________ is the primary immunodeficiency disease lacking B cells
Agammaglobinemia (no antibodies)
_________ is the primary immunodeficiency disease lacking B cells and T cells
Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID)
What is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency disease?
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
_______ is the immune response against normal, healthy tissue
Autoimmune
Females are _____ affected than males in autoimmune diseases
more
_________ are self-antigens that induce immune response
Autoantigens
_______ are antibodies against autoantigens
Autoantibodies
_____ is the autoimmune disease with autoantibodies against DNA
SLE - lupus
What are the 2 neuromuscular autoimmunities?
MS and MG
Which neuromuscular autoimmunity involves autoantibodies and T-cells against neurons, myelin?
MS
Which neuromuscular autoimmunity involves destruction of ACh receptors?
MG
What are the 3 organs involved in autoimmune diseases of endocrine cells?
thyroid, adrenal, pancreas
______ is the autoimmune disease of thyroid endocrine cells
Hashimoto’s, Grave’s
______ is the autoimmune disease of adrenal endocrine cells
Addison’s disease (hypocortisolism)
______ is the autoimmune disease of pancreas endocrine cells
- Insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus
- Cytotoxic T cells attack beta cells (Insulin)
What are the 5 caategories of immunosuppressive agents?
- Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)
- Calcineurin Inhibitors
- Cytotoxic Agents
- Immunosuppressive Antibodies
- Additional Agents
Which category of immunosuppressive agents involves inhibiting the activation of the T-cell pathway?
Calcineurin Inhibitors
Which category of immunosuppressive agents kill rapidly proliferating cells?
Cytotoxic Agents
Which category of immunosuppressive agents suppress immune response and mimic naturally occurring adrenal corticosteroids?
Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)
Which category of immunosuppressive agents are antibodies directed against cell-surface antigens/receptors?
Immunosuppressive Antibodies
What are 3 examples of glucocorticoids?
Prednisone, hydrocortisone, Dexamethasone
What are 2 examples of Calcineurin inhibitors?
Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus
What are 3 examples of Cytotoxic Agents?
Azothioprine, Cyclophosphamide, Hydroxychloroquine
What are 3 examples of Immunosuppressive Antibodies?
Muromonab (CD3), RhoGAM, Adalimumab (TNF-a)
What are 3 examples of additional immunosuppressive agents?
Sirolimus, Mycophenylate Mofetil, Thalidomide Derivatives
What is the MOA of glucocorticoids?
Interfere with cell cycle of activated lymphoid cells - B & T cells
- Decrease lymphoid cells in spleen, lymph node
What are the side effects of glucocorticoids?
Immunodeficiency, exogenous Cushing’s Syndrome
What 4 things are glucocorticoids used for?
- Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease)
- Suppression of allergy and inflammatory reactions
- Asthma
- Transplantation
When is cyclosporine used?
transplantation, GVHD, other autoimmune disorders
What are the toxicities of cyclosporine?
Kidney, BP, hyperglycemia, liver, seizures
Cyclosporine is a ______ antibiotic, while Tacrolimus is a ______ antibiotic
Calcineurin - peptide
Tacrolimus - macrolide
What is the MOA of Azathioprine?
Antimetabolite targeting rapidly proliferating cells:
- Metabolized by xanthine oxidase (XO) to mercaptopurine
- Interferes with purine metabolism
What are is the main side effect of Azathioprine?
leukocytopenia caused by bone marrow suppression
What 5 things is Azathioprine used for?
Graft rejection, lupus, RA, Crohn’s, MS
What is the MOA of Cyclophosphamide?
Alkylating agent - destroys proliferating lymphoid cells, cancer cells
What is the main toxicity of Thalidomide Derivatives?
TERATOGENICITY
_______ is a semi-synthetic derivative from penicillium that inhibits B and T cell response
Mycophenylate Mofetil (MMF)
_______ is a macrolide antibiotic that inhibits mTOR, inhibiting cell growth and proliferation
Sirolimus
