Immunopharmacology

Question 1

3 functions of the immune system

Answer 1

1. Prevent pathogen invasion
2. Eliminate pathogens from the body
3. Limit the size and location of the invasion

Question 2

Differentiate between the 2 types of host defenses

Answer 2

Innate - first and second line of defense
Acquired - third line of defense, B and T cells

Question 3

What 3 components are involved in the first line of defense?

Answer 3

Physical barriers, chemical barriers, and genetic components

Question 4

What 4 components are involved in the second line of defense?

Answer 4

Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins

Question 5

What are the components involved in the third line of defense?

Answer 5

• B and T cells
  active - infection
  passive - maternal antibodies

Question 6

What are the 5 immune system cytokines?

Answer 6

1. Interleukins (ILs)
2. Interferons (IFNs)
3. Growth factors
4. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
5. Chemokines

Question 7

______ are the cytokines that signal among leukocytes

Answer 7

Interleukins (ILs)

Question 8

_______ are the cytokines that are antiviral proteins

Answer 8

Interferons (IFNs)

Question 9

______ are the cytokines that are proteins that stimulate stem cells to divide

Answer 9

Growth factors

Question 10

_______ are the cytokines that are secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation

Answer 10

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 11

______ are chemotactic cytokines that signal leukocytes to move

Answer 11

chemokines

Question 12

What are the 2 types of hyposensitivity?

Answer 12

Primary (born with) and secondary (acquired)

Question 13

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity?

Answer 13

Types I-IV - ACID
- A – Anaphylaxis, allergies
- C - Cytotoxic
- I – Immune complex
- D - Delayed

Question 14

_________ is the primary immunodeficiency disease lacking a thymus

Answer 14

DiGeorge Syndrome: No Thymus (no T cells)

Question 15

_________ is the primary immunodeficiency disease lacking B cells

Answer 15

Agammaglobinemia (no antibodies)

Question 16

_________ is the primary immunodeficiency disease lacking B cells and T cells

Answer 16

Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID)

Question 17

What is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency disease?

Answer 17

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Question 18

_______ is the immune response against normal, healthy tissue

Answer 18

Autoimmune

Question 19

Females are _____ affected than males in autoimmune diseases

Answer 19

more

Question 20

_________ are self-antigens that induce immune response

Answer 20

Autoantigens

Question 21

_______ are antibodies against autoantigens

Answer 21

Autoantibodies

Question 22

_____ is the autoimmune disease with autoantibodies against DNA

Answer 22

SLE - lupus

Question 23

What are the 2 neuromuscular autoimmunities?

Answer 23

MS and MG

Question 24

Which neuromuscular autoimmunity involves autoantibodies and T-cells against neurons, myelin?

Answer 24

MS

Question 25

Which neuromuscular autoimmunity involves destruction of ACh receptors?

Answer 25

MG

Question 26

What are the 3 organs involved in autoimmune diseases of endocrine cells?

Answer 26

thyroid, adrenal, pancreas

Question 27

______ is the autoimmune disease of thyroid endocrine cells

Answer 27

Hashimoto’s, Grave’s

Question 28

______ is the autoimmune disease of adrenal endocrine cells

Answer 28

Addison’s disease (hypocortisolism)

Question 29

______ is the autoimmune disease of pancreas endocrine cells

Answer 29

- Insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus - Cytotoxic T cells attack beta cells (Insulin)

Question 30

What are the 5 caategories of immunosuppressive agents?

Answer 30

1. Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) 2. Calcineurin Inhibitors 3. Cytotoxic Agents 4. Immunosuppressive Antibodies 5. Additional Agents

Question 31

Which category of immunosuppressive agents involves inhibiting the activation of the T-cell pathway?

Answer 31

Calcineurin Inhibitors

Question 32

Which category of immunosuppressive agents kill rapidly proliferating cells?

Answer 32

Cytotoxic Agents

Question 33

Which category of immunosuppressive agents suppress immune response and mimic naturally occurring adrenal corticosteroids?

Answer 33

Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)

Question 34

Which category of immunosuppressive agents are antibodies directed against cell-surface antigens/receptors?

Answer 34

Immunosuppressive Antibodies

Question 35

What are 3 examples of glucocorticoids?

Answer 35

Prednisone, hydrocortisone, Dexamethasone

Question 36

What are 2 examples of Calcineurin inhibitors?

Answer 36

Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus

Question 37

What are 3 examples of Cytotoxic Agents?

Answer 37

Azothioprine, Cyclophosphamide, Hydroxychloroquine

Question 38

What are 3 examples of Immunosuppressive Antibodies?

Answer 38

Muromonab (CD3), RhoGAM, Adalimumab (TNF-a)

Question 39

What are 3 examples of additional immunosuppressive agents?

Answer 39

Sirolimus, Mycophenylate Mofetil, Thalidomide Derivatives

Question 40

What is the MOA of glucocorticoids?

Answer 40

Interfere with cell cycle of activated lymphoid cells - B & T cells - Decrease lymphoid cells in spleen, lymph node

Question 41

What are the side effects of glucocorticoids?

Answer 41

Immunodeficiency, exogenous Cushing’s Syndrome

Question 42

What 4 things are glucocorticoids used for?

Answer 42

- Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease) - Suppression of allergy and inflammatory reactions - Asthma - Transplantation

Question 43

When is cyclosporine used?

Answer 43

transplantation, GVHD, other autoimmune disorders

Question 44

What are the toxicities of cyclosporine?

Answer 44

Kidney, BP, hyperglycemia, liver, seizures

Question 45

Cyclosporine is a ______ antibiotic, while Tacrolimus is a ______ antibiotic

Answer 45

Calcineurin - peptide Tacrolimus - macrolide

Question 46

What is the MOA of Azathioprine?

Answer 46

Antimetabolite targeting rapidly proliferating cells: - Metabolized by xanthine oxidase (XO) to mercaptopurine - Interferes with purine metabolism

Question 47

What are is the main side effect of Azathioprine?

Answer 47

leukocytopenia caused by bone marrow suppression

Question 48

What 5 things is Azathioprine used for?

Answer 48

Graft rejection, lupus, RA, Crohn’s, MS

Question 49

What is the MOA of Cyclophosphamide?

Answer 49

Alkylating agent - destroys proliferating lymphoid cells, cancer cells

Question 50

What is the main toxicity of Thalidomide Derivatives?

Answer 50

TERATOGENICITY

Question 51

_______ is a semi-synthetic derivative from penicillium that inhibits B and T cell response

Answer 51

Mycophenylate Mofetil (MMF)

Question 52

_______ is a macrolide antibiotic that inhibits mTOR, inhibiting cell growth and proliferation

Answer 52

Sirolimus