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Pharm 2024 > Antivirals > Flashcards

Antivirals Flashcards

Exam 4

1
Q

Instead of being alive or dead, viruses are what?

A

Active or inactive

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2
Q

Define how viruses are considered obligate intracellular parasites

A
  • Cannot multiply unless they invade a specific host cell
  • Must instruct the genetic and metabolic machinery of the host cell to make and release new viruses
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3
Q

Viruses are considered ______ instead of organisms

A

infectious particles

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4
Q

Differentiate between lysogenic vs lytic viral cycles

A

Lysogenic - slow release; prolonged (years to decades)
Lytic - burst host cell; acute/self-limiting infection (24-hour stomach bug)

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5
Q

Plants have ______ viruses than animals

A

More

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6
Q

Viruses lack _______-synthesizing machinery

A

protein

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7
Q

Viruses vs bacteria nucleic acids

A

Viruses - DNA or RNA (ss or ds)
Bacteria - DNA only

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8
Q

What 2 parts do viruses have that are required to invade and control a host cell?

A
  • External coating (capsid)
  • Core containing nucleic acids
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9
Q

What are the 3 classes of viruses?

A

DNA, RNA, and retroviruses

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10
Q

Are retroviruses DNA or RNA based?

A

RNA

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11
Q

What is the only retrovirus?

A

HIV

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12
Q

What enzyme are retroviruses named after?

A

reverse transcriptase

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13
Q

A _______ is the protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid

A

Capsid

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14
Q

A naked virus only consists of a ______

A

nucleocapsid

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15
Q

_______ is a capsid and nucleic acid together

A

Nucleocapsid

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16
Q

_______ allow viruses to dock with their host cells

A

Spikes

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17
Q

The _______ is usually a modified piece of the host cell membrane

A

Envelope

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18
Q

A _______ is a fully formed virus able to establish infection in a host

A

Virion

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19
Q

A virus family has the suffix _____

A

-viridae

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20
Q

A virus genera has the suffix _____

A

-virus

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21
Q

What are the 5 steps of viral replication?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Penetration
  3. Synthesis
  4. Maturation
  5. Release
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22
Q

______ is the step of viral replication where the virus attaches to the host cell via a matching viral spike

A

absorption

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23
Q

______ is the step of viral replication where virions enter into host cells

A

penetration

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24
Q

_____ is the type of viral penetration that includes the entire virus entering the cell

A

uncoating

25
Q

What is synthesized during the synthesis phase of viral replication?

A

new nucleic acids, capsid proteins, and other viral components

26
Q

______ is the step of viral replication where the assembly of newly synthesized viral components into complete virions

A

maturation

27
Q

______ is the step of viral replication where virions leave the host cells

A

release

28
Q

What are the 3 viral infections that only occur in certain regions?

A

Dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, Yellow fever

29
Q

Antivirals have only been available since the late _____

A

1970s

30
Q

It is difficult to design therapies against viruses because they ___________

A

mutate at a rapid rate

31
Q

Which drug is considered the prototype for antiviral drugs that inhibit viral DNA synthesis?

A

Acyclovir

32
Q

What does acyclovir look similar to? What is the difference?

A

the normal nucleotide bases - missing hydroxyl group

33
Q

When viruses mistakes acyclovir for dGTP, _______ is irreversible

A

chain termination

34
Q

Acyclovir _____ safe in pregnant women

A

is

35
Q

What are the 3 indications for acyclovir therapy?

A

HSV1, HSV2, and VZV infections

36
Q

HIV targets which cells?

A

T-cells - CD4+

37
Q

What is the main drug used to treat HIV?

A

Zidovudine (Azidothymidine, AZT)

38
Q

What is the MOA of Zidovudine (Azidothymidine, AZT)?

A

Inhibitor of reverse transcriptase

39
Q

What is the drug combination therapy called to treat HIV?

A

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

40
Q

What is the MOA of lamivudine?

A

Inhibits HBV DNA polymerase and HIV reverse transcriptase

41
Q

What is the medication called that prevents HIV infections?

A

PrEP - Cabotegrovir (blocks integration)

42
Q

What are the 2 main drugs used to treat HIV?

A

Zidovudine (Azidothymidine, AZT)
Lamivudine

43
Q

The CDC recommends flu vaccine for who?

A

EVERYONE 6 months and older every year

44
Q

Differentiate between Influenza Type A and Type B

A

A - Causes moderate to severe illness; Affects all age groups
B - Milder illness; Primarily has had an impact on adolescents and schoolchildren

45
Q

Influenza subtypes are determined by what?

A

cell surface antigens hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

46
Q

The cell surface antigen that has a role in virus attachment to cells is ________

A

hemagglutinin (H1, H2, H3)

47
Q

The cell surface antigen that has a role in virus penetration to cells is ________

A

neuraminidases (N1, N2)

48
Q

What are the 3 antivirals used to treat influenza?

A

Oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu)
Zanamivir (Relenza)
Baloxivir marboxil (Xofluza)

49
Q

Xofluza may reduce the length of flu duration by about _____

A

a day

50
Q

Which antiviral for the treatment of the flu must be taken when exposed?

A

Relenza

51
Q

What is the contraindication for taking Relenza for the flu?

A

Not recommended for people with asthma or COPD

52
Q

What is the contraindication for taking Xofluza for the flu?

A

Not recommended for pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, outpatients with progressive or complicated illness, or hospitalized patients (not enough information available in these populations)

53
Q

What are the 4 FDA-approved treatments for covid?

A

Paxlovid
Remdesivir
COVID mabs
Dexamethasone

54
Q

What is the MOA of Remdesivir for treatment of covid?

A

chain terminator

55
Q

What is the MOA of mabs for treatment of covid?

A

Block COVID entry into cells

56
Q

What is the MOA of dexamethasone for treatment of covid?

A

cytokine suppression of cytokine storm

57
Q

What is the name of the naturally occurring human cell product that can be used in preventing and treating viral infections?

A

Interferon (IFN)

58
Q

What are the several known (4) coronaviruses that can cause respiratory infections in humans?

A
  • Common cold
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
  • Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
  • COVID-19

Pharm 2024 (28 decks)

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