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Pharm 2024 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

Exam 4

1
Q

List the antibiotics that work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Describe their MOA

A
  • Penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin
  • Cephalosporins
  • Carbapenems
  • Vancomycin
    ß-lactam ring attaches to the enzymes that cross-link peptidoglycans and prevent cell wall synthesis (Gram +)
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2
Q

Which of the cell wall synthesis inhibitors can penetrate the CNS?

A

Carbapenems

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3
Q

Which antibiotic is considered the “drug of last resort”? What is it used for?

A

Vancomycin
- Alternative to PCN resistant bacteria (MRSA)

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4
Q

Adverse reactions of vancomycin

A

Tissue irritation
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
“Red neck” syndrome

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5
Q

What are the 2 antibiotics that work by disrupting the cell membrane? What is their MOA?

A
  • Polymyxin and Daptomycin
  • Polypeptide antibiotics
  • Act as detergents – bind to phospholipids
  • Best action – Gram (-)
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6
Q

What is Daptomycin used to treat?

A
  • Better for Gram (+)
  • Skin infections, bacteremia
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7
Q

What is the triple antibiotic?

A

OTC Topical
- Polymyxin – cell membranes (Gram (-))
- Neomycin – bacterial protein synthesis
- Bacitracin – cell wall synthesis (Gram (+))

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8
Q

List the antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. What is their MOA?

A

Tetracycline
Macrolides (Erythromycin, Azithromycin)
Neomycin
- Attack bacterial cells without significantly damaging animal cells - wide spectrum

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9
Q

_______ have the widest spectrum of activity of any antibiotics

A

Tetracyclines

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10
Q

What is the main side effect of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis?

A

GI

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11
Q

What are the antibiotics that work by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis? What is their MOA?

A

Rifamycin family - binds to bacterial RNA polymerase
Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin) - Inhibit DNA gyrase (bacterial)

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12
Q

What are fluoroquinolones used to treat?

A
  • UTI, RTI
  • Bone and joint infections
  • ADR
  • Excellent Gram (-) activity
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13
Q

What are the 2 antibiotics that work by inhibiting folic acid synthesis?

A

Sulfonamides, trimethoprim

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14
Q

What are the 2 ways antibiotics can function to inhibit folic acid synthesis?

A
  1. Competitive inhibition
  2. Incorporated into important molecules
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15
Q

What do folic acid synthesis inhibitors treat?

A

Pneumocystis, toxoplasmosis

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16
Q

What is the MOA of ketoconazol (imidazoles)?

A

Cream for cell membrane inhibition

17
Q

What are the 2 antifungals?

A

Ketoconazole
Lamisil

18
Q

What is Hydroxychloroquine used to treat? What kind of drug is it?

A

Malaria, antiprotozoan agent

19
Q

What is Metronidazole (flagyl) used to treat?

A

Giardia, Trichomonas

20
Q

What are the side effects of Metronidazole (flagyl)?

A
  • Birth defects
  • Cancer
  • Black hairy tongue
21
Q

What is Ivermectin used to treat?

A
  • river blindness roundworm
  • COVID-19?
22
Q

What is Permethrin used to treat?

A

lice

23
Q

What is the most common drug allergy?

A

penicillin

24
Q

What is Niclosamide used to treat?

A

Tapeworms

25
Q

What are the differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive – teichoic acid
Gram negative
- Additional outer membrane
- Contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

26
Q

List the five general properties of antimicrobial agents

A
  • Selective Toxicity
  • Spectrum of Activity
  • Modes of Action
  • Side Effects
  • Resistance of Microorganisms
27
Q

What are the 5 MOA of antibiotics?

A
  1. Cell wall inhibitors
  2. Cell membrane disrupters
  3. Protein synthesis inhibitors
  4. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
  5. Folic acid synthesis inhibitors
28
Q

What is the prototype macrolide?

A

erythromycin

29
Q

List the major adverse effects of the penicillins and the cephalosporins.

A
  • Hypersensitivity - Most common drug allergy; can cross-react with similar antibiotics
  • Allergic reactions - Anaphylactic shock (0.05%), Skin rash (<1%), Oral lesions, Hemolytic anemia, Interstitial nephritis, GI upset, Infusion pain
30
Q

Identify key questions in deciding which antibiotic to use for which illness.

A

Questions
- Clinical findings?
- Microbiologic diagnosis?
- Narrow spectrum?
- Single versus combination
- Optimal dose for patient?
- Response to treatment?
- Adjunctive measures?

Selection
- Concomitant disease states?
- Prior adverse drug reactions?
- Impaired elimination or metabolism?
- Age
- Pregnancy status
- Genetics

31
Q

Discuss the effects of premature termination of antibiotics.

A
32
Q

Differentiate spectrum of activity and selective toxicity.

A

Spectrum of activity: how broad or narrow its target is
selective toxicity: describes the ability of a drug to harm a target microorganism without significantly harming the host organism

33
Q

Describe mechanisms underlying the resistance of bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics.

A

Bacteria develop resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics primarily through the production of enzymes called beta-lactamases, which break down the beta-lactam ring of the antibiotic, rendering it ineffective

34
Q

Discuss how disruption of normal microflora may be problematic.

A

It throws off the delicate balance of beneficial bacteria in the body, allowing potentially harmful bacteria to overgrow and leading to various health issues

Pharm 2024 (32 decks)

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