PPT 10 + 11 - Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods Flashcards
The 2 principal categories of performance-enhancing substances
1) Hormones & the drugs that mimic their effects,
2) Dietary supplements.
Definition of Products That Can Be Sold as Dietary Supplements
a vitamin,
a mineral,
an herb or other botanical,
an amino acid,
a dietary substance for use by humans to supplementthe diet by increasing the total dietary intake, or
a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of any ingredient identified above.
- intends to supplement the diet
- must be intended for ingestion and cannot be advertised for use as a conventional food or as the sole item within a meal
What are synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone?
anabolic androgenic steroid
Is testosterone an effective ergogenic aid when it is administered either orally or through injection?
?yes
What does GDR government promote?
the use of drugs, notably AAS, in high performance sports.
List oral anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS)
Oral-Turinabol
Mestanolone
Dianabol
Substances Stimulating Testosterone Synthesis
Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Clomiphen
Polypeptide hormones
human growth hormones
Designer Anabolic Steroids
are steroids designed in a laboratory to escape detection.
Stacking Regimen
they administer several different drugs simultaneously.
What is the rationale behind stacking?
The potency of one anabolic agent may be enhanced when it is consumed simultaneously with another anabolic agent.
Pyramid (Step-Up) Pattern of anabolic steroid.
Dosages are steadily increased over several weeks
Steps-down pattern of anabolic steroid.
To reduce the likelihood of negative side effects.
Discontinue drug use or initiate another cycle of different drugs that may increase endogenous testosterone production.
average # of agents for anabolic steroid
3.1
typical cycle duration for anabolic steroid regimen
5-10 weeks
What is the administration route for injectable steroids?
a) Subcutaneous
b) Intravenous
c) Intramuscular
B
Which route of anabolic steroid administration is more potent?
injection>oral
Testosterone propionate remains in circulation for…
1.5 days
Testosterone buciclate remains in circulation for…
approx. 3 months
Muscle Dysmorphia, is also called…
reverse anorexia nervosa
What is muscle dysmorphia?
refers to a subset of bodybuilders with an altered self-image.
Ergogenic Benefits of Anabolic Steroids
Increased muscle mass
Increased muscle strength
Increased athletic performance
Psychological Effects of Anabolic Steroids
Increases in aggression. Hostility Depression. Elevations in arousal & self-esteem. Mania. Associated with mood swings & psychotic episodes. Psychosis may occur in some susceptible individuals.
Anabolic steroids: increases or decreases LDL, increases or decreases HDL?
Increases LDL, decreases HDL
Androstenedione (increases/decreases) testosterone in women.
Increases, there was a 4- to 7-fold increase in blood testosterone concentrations in the women. VERY HIGH
with intravenous administration of androstenedione & testosterone in women, what happens?
women preferentially convert androstenedione into testosterone.
men preferentially convert testosterone into androstenedione.
Very FEW studies have shown
an INCREASE in the concentration of testosterone in the blood of healthy men after (acute/chronic) oral androstenedione supplementation.
CHRONIC
SO NOT MUCH INFO ON CHRONIC ORAL ANDROSTENEDIONE
Chronic oral androstenedione supplementation resulted in significant increase in what?
estrogen, estrone and estradiol in blood
Chronic oral androstenedione supplementation resulted in decrease of?
concentration of HDL cholesterol in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, & older men, which effectively increases the risk for cardiovascular disease.
Chronic oral androstenedione supplementation has no effect on?
has no effect on body composition, muscle size, & muscle strength in healthy men of various ages
Trace contamination of androstenedione with 19-norandrostenedione is sufficient to cause urine test results positive for:
19-norandrosterone, the major but inactive metabolite of nandrolone.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
is a hormone obtained from the placenta of pregnant women.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is similar to
luteinizing hormone
If Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is injected into men can increase…?
testicular testosterone production.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is primarily used by?
by athletes who are finishing a cycle of anabolic steroids.
Insulin
is a potent, anabolic, peptide hormone.
Can insulin be detected in the urine?
no
Functions of HGH
Stimulates bone growth.
Stimulates skeletal muscle growth.
Maintains blood glucose concentration.
Increases the uptake of glucose & amino acids into muscle cells.
Stimulates the release of fatty acids from the fat cells.
Testing HGH abuse is done how?
blood test; involves the use of immunoassays (antibodies) that preferentially recognize pituitary HGH (pHGH) & recombinant HGH (rHGH).
When rHGH is administered, whats secreted?
The secretion of HGH from the pituitary gland is inhibited causing ratio of 22kDa to total GH to increase.
Why does the 22kDa to total GH ratio increase?
this occurs because of an increase in the concentration of the 22 kDa isoform & a reduction in the concentrations of the non-22-kDa isoforms.
How to administer HGH?
oral is useless, injection is necessary
What mediates HGH actions
IGF-I.
Produced & secreted from the liver in response to GH stimulation.
Acromegaly
Excessive secretion of GH, after puberty, once linear growth has ceased.
Widening of bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, & metabolic abnormalities.
Adverse Side-Effects for HGH Abuse
Diabetes in prone individuals.
Cardiovascular dysfunction
Muscle, joint, & bone pain
Hypertension
Abnormal growth of organs
Accelerated osteoarthritis
Homologous
Transfusion of blood that has been taken from another person with the same blood type.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
is a protein hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates the production of new RBCs.
EPO can be produced by?
recombinant DNA technology.
When does EPO increase?
during aerobic endurance training
EPO can treat which individuals?
individuals with anemia
EPO health risks (its unpredictable)
Increased blood viscosity.
Increased risk of blood clotting.
Increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
Increased risk of cerebral or pulmonary embolism.
Elevated systolic blood pressure.
β-Adrenergic Agonists
are substances chemically related to epinephrine.
originally developed for the treatment of asthma.
β-Adrenergic Agonists effects on body
have been shown to increase lean mass & decrease stored fat.
Clenbuterol is what?
β-Adrenergic Agonists
Cimaterol is what?
β-Adrenergic Agonists
Ractopamine is what?
β-Adrenergic Agonists
What blocks β-Adrenergic Agonists? How?
β-blockers; prevent the attachment of catecholamines to these receptors.
List of essential amino acids
Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine (branched chain aa) Leucine** (branched chain aa) Valine (branched chain aa) Lysine Histidine
Effects of taking essential a.a. before and after resistance training.
augments muscle protein synthesis in healthy human subjects.
30 to 60 minutes before exercise, or
within the first 2 to 3 hours after exercise
Effects of taking essential a.a. WITH SUGAR before and after resistance training.
The anabolic response was 158% greater when EAA + sugar was consumed 30 min before resistance exercise than when it was consumed after exercise.
Which are branched chain aa?
Isoleucine (branched chain aa)
Leucine** (branched chain aa)
Valine (branched chain aa)
Branched chain are responsible for what?
are responsible for increasing muscle protein synthesis (MPS) & it appears that leucine is the key amino acid for stimulating MPS through increased activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle (see figure on next slide).
Which is key aa for stimulating MPS?
leucine
Arginine is essential for?
is required for the synthesis of protein & creatine.
Arginine metabolism results in production of…
nitric oxide (vasodilation)
Arginine known for (3)
Ability to elevate nitric oxide levels
Increase in muscle blood flow
Improves exercise performance
β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) is a derivative of what?
EAA leucine and leucines metabolic alpha-ketoisocaproate.
What does HMB stimulate?
HMB stimulates protein synthesis & decreases protein breakdown.
greater strength and lean body mass
What is likely needed for benefits to be realized with HMB supplementation in TRAINED ATHLETES ONLY?
high-intensity, high-volume resistance training program
MBC is?
Muscle Buffering Capacity (MBC)
The ability to regulate H+ concentration in skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise.
List of nutritional muscle buffers
β-Alanine
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Citrate
β-Alanine is the rate-limiting substrate for __________ synthesis in muscle cells
carnosine
What is carnosine?
is a dipeptide composed of the non-EAA β-alanine & the EAA histidine.
is found primarily in fast-twitch skeletal muscle.
is estimated to contribute up to 40% of the skeletal MBC of H+ produced during intense anaerobic exercise.
β-Alanine improves level of carnosine which should improve which 2 things
MBC and anaerobic performance
Carnosine and b alanine effects…
β-Alanine ingestion is capable of improving performance in exercises that produce an extreme level of acidosis in the muscles
Significant increase in physical working capacity at fatigue threshold (PWCFT)
Increase in total work
Sodium bicarbonate supplementation has been shown to… (3)
increase blood pH.
improve MBC.
improve high-intensity exercise performance
What dose of sodium bicarbonate shows the best results, what shows the least?
best: 0.3 g/kg
and 0.2g/kg does NOT improve exercise performance.
increase side effects involve >0.3 g/kg
Sodium Citrate can increase blood pH without ______________.
GI distress
L-Carnitine is responsible for?
is responsible for the transport of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) from the cytosol into the mitochondria to be oxidized for energy.
What is L-Carnitine mostly known for?
enhances exercise performance by increasing fat utilization & sparing muscle glycogen.
markets it as a fat burner or fat reducer.
Creatine composed of…
methionine, arginine, & glycine.
Endogenous
is synthesized primarily by the liver, but also in smaller amounts in the kidneys, & pancreas.
Exogenous
Dietary sources = meat & fish.
Creatine stored mostly where?
skeletal muscle
Creatine for exercise is especially important during…
short-duration, high-intensity exercise.
Creatine forms
ATP
Primary mechanism leading to fatigue during high-intensity exercise:
depletion of CP
Creatine may improve training in experienced strength athletes by…
reducing fatigue.
enhancing postworkout recovery.
Prolonged creatine supplementation increases…
body weight;
appears to be primarily related to an increase in fat-free mass.
is believed to be partly related to an increase in total body water.
Stimulants effects
Reduced fatigue
Increased alertness
Increased confidence
Euphoria
Stimulant
Caffeine
Ephedrine
Citrus Aurantium
Caffeine is a ______ stimulant.
CNS
Caffeine effects on prolonged aerobic endurance exercise
Increase in fat oxidation through the mobilization of FFAs from adipose tissue or intramuscular fat stores.
Proposed Mechanism for Improved Anaerobic Performance with caffeine
During short-duration, high-intensity exercise.
What type of performance does caffeine benefit?
aerobic endurance, peak power only
Greater risk for side effects
when caffeine intake exceeds…
> 9 mg/kg
Caffeine overdose: when excess of ___ grams of caffeine.
5 (roughly 42 cups)
Primary Ergogenic Nutrients in Energy Drinks
caffeine and carbohydrate
Are energy drinks efficient? How so?
for increasing resistance training volume performance.
Not effective with other types of anaerobic exercise including Wingate tests & speed/agility performance.
Improves cardiorespiratory endurance exercise performance.
Ephedrine
is a β-agonist or sympathomimetic.
is thought to possess a strong thermogenic effect.
is used by athletes to reduce body fat.
is often used as a stacking agent with caffeine.
is believed to increase fat oxidation & spare muscle glycogen.
Ephedrine is only effective when combined with
caffeine
The combination of ephedrine and caffeine improves what performance?
aerobic endurance
Ephedra is also known as
ma huang
Ephedra contains
ephedrine
Ephedra is only in which product?
medicine
Citrus aurantium
is from a fruit known as “bitter orange.”
is a mild stimulant.
is often used as an Asian herbal medicine to treat digestive problems.
Citrus aurantium contains
synephrine
Citrus aurantium is thought to contribute to which 3 things:
appetite suppression,
increased metabolic rate, &
lipolysis.
Synephrine
is thought to stimulate:
β-3 adrenergic receptors
Peripheral alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
β-3 adrenergic receptors
increases
lipolysis
Peripheral -1 adrenergic receptors
results in vasoconstriction & elevations in blood pressure.
Citrus Aurantium + Caffeine or Other Herbal Products
significant improvements in time to fatigue.
