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pan2 > PPT 10 + 11 - Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods > Flashcards

PPT 10 + 11 - Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods Flashcards

1
Q

The 2 principal categories of performance-enhancing substances

A

1) Hormones & the drugs that mimic their effects,

2) Dietary supplements.

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2
Q

Definition of Products That Can Be Sold as Dietary Supplements

A

a vitamin,
a mineral,
an herb or other botanical,
an amino acid,
a dietary substance for use by humans to supplementthe diet by increasing the total dietary intake, or
a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of any ingredient identified above.

  1. intends to supplement the diet
  2. must be intended for ingestion and cannot be advertised for use as a conventional food or as the sole item within a meal
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3
Q

What are synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone?

A

anabolic androgenic steroid

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4
Q

Is testosterone an effective ergogenic aid when it is administered either orally or through injection?

A

?yes

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5
Q

What does GDR government promote?

A

the use of drugs, notably AAS, in high performance sports.

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6
Q

List oral anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS)

A

Oral-Turinabol
Mestanolone
Dianabol

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7
Q

Substances Stimulating Testosterone Synthesis

A 
Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Clomiphen
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8
Q

Polypeptide hormones

A

human growth hormones

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9
Q

Designer Anabolic Steroids

A

are steroids designed in a laboratory to escape detection.

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10
Q

Stacking Regimen

A

they administer several different drugs simultaneously.

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11
Q

What is the rationale behind stacking?

A

The potency of one anabolic agent may be enhanced when it is consumed simultaneously with another anabolic agent.

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12
Q

Pyramid (Step-Up) Pattern of anabolic steroid.

A

Dosages are steadily increased over several weeks

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13
Q

Steps-down pattern of anabolic steroid.

A

To reduce the likelihood of negative side effects.

Discontinue drug use or initiate another cycle of different drugs that may increase endogenous testosterone production.

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14
Q

average # of agents for anabolic steroid

A

3.1

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15
Q

typical cycle duration for anabolic steroid regimen

A

5-10 weeks

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16
Q

What is the administration route for injectable steroids?

a) Subcutaneous
b) Intravenous
c) Intramuscular

A

B

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17
Q

Which route of anabolic steroid administration is more potent?

A

injection>oral

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18
Q

Testosterone propionate remains in circulation for…

A

1.5 days

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19
Q

Testosterone buciclate remains in circulation for…

A

approx. 3 months

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20
Q

Muscle Dysmorphia, is also called…

A

reverse anorexia nervosa

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21
Q

What is muscle dysmorphia?

A

refers to a subset of bodybuilders with an altered self-image.

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22
Q

Ergogenic Benefits of Anabolic Steroids

A

Increased muscle mass
Increased muscle strength
Increased athletic performance

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23
Q

Psychological Effects of Anabolic Steroids

A 
Increases in aggression.
Hostility
Depression.
Elevations in arousal & self-esteem.
Mania.
Associated with mood swings & psychotic episodes.
Psychosis
may occur in some susceptible individuals.
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24
Q

Anabolic steroids: increases or decreases LDL, increases or decreases HDL?

A

Increases LDL, decreases HDL

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25
Q

Androstenedione (increases/decreases) testosterone in women.

A

Increases, there was a 4- to 7-fold increase in blood testosterone concentrations in the women. VERY HIGH

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26
Q

with intravenous administration of androstenedione & testosterone in women, what happens?

A

women preferentially convert androstenedione into testosterone.

men preferentially convert testosterone into androstenedione.

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27
Q

Very FEW studies have shown
an INCREASE in the concentration of testosterone in the blood of healthy men after (acute/chronic) oral androstenedione supplementation.

A

CHRONIC

SO NOT MUCH INFO ON CHRONIC ORAL ANDROSTENEDIONE

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28
Q

Chronic oral androstenedione supplementation resulted in significant increase in what?

A

estrogen, estrone and estradiol in blood

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29
Q

Chronic oral androstenedione supplementation resulted in decrease of?

A

concentration of HDL cholesterol in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, & older men, which effectively increases the risk for cardiovascular disease.

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30
Q

Chronic oral androstenedione supplementation has no effect on?

A

has no effect on body composition, muscle size, & muscle strength in healthy men of various ages

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31
Q

Trace contamination of androstenedione with 19-norandrostenedione is sufficient to cause urine test results positive for:

A

19-norandrosterone, the major but inactive metabolite of nandrolone.

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32
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A

is a hormone obtained from the placenta of pregnant women.

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33
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is similar to

A

luteinizing hormone

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34
Q

If Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is injected into men can increase…?

A

testicular testosterone production.

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35
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is primarily used by?

A

by athletes who are finishing a cycle of anabolic steroids.

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36
Q

Insulin

A

is a potent, anabolic, peptide hormone.

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37
Q

Can insulin be detected in the urine?

A

no

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38
Q

Functions of HGH

A

Stimulates bone growth.
Stimulates skeletal muscle growth.
Maintains blood glucose concentration.
Increases the uptake of glucose & amino acids into muscle cells.
Stimulates the release of fatty acids from the fat cells.

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39
Q

Testing HGH abuse is done how?

A

blood test; involves the use of immunoassays (antibodies) that preferentially recognize pituitary HGH (pHGH) & recombinant HGH (rHGH).

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40
Q

When rHGH is administered, whats secreted?

A

The secretion of HGH from the pituitary gland is inhibited causing ratio of 22kDa to total GH to increase.

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41
Q

Why does the 22kDa to total GH ratio increase?

A

this occurs because of an increase in the concentration of the 22 kDa isoform & a reduction in the concentrations of the non-22-kDa isoforms.

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42
Q

How to administer HGH?

A

oral is useless, injection is necessary

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43
Q

What mediates HGH actions

A

IGF-I.

Produced & secreted from the liver in response to GH stimulation.

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44
Q

Acromegaly

A

Excessive secretion of GH, after puberty, once linear growth has ceased.
Widening of bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, & metabolic abnormalities.

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45
Q

Adverse Side-Effects for HGH Abuse

A

Diabetes in prone individuals.

Cardiovascular dysfunction

Muscle, joint, & bone pain

Hypertension

Abnormal growth of organs

Accelerated osteoarthritis

46
Q

Homologous

A

Transfusion of blood that has been taken from another person with the same blood type.

47
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

is a protein hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates the production of new RBCs.

48
Q

EPO can be produced by?

A

recombinant DNA technology.

49
Q

When does EPO increase?

A

during aerobic endurance training

50
Q

EPO can treat which individuals?

A

individuals with anemia

51
Q

EPO health risks (its unpredictable)

A

Increased blood viscosity.
Increased risk of blood clotting.
Increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
Increased risk of cerebral or pulmonary embolism.
Elevated systolic blood pressure.

52
Q

β-Adrenergic Agonists

A

are substances chemically related to epinephrine.

originally developed for the treatment of asthma.

53
Q

β-Adrenergic Agonists effects on body

A

have been shown to increase lean mass & decrease stored fat.

54
Q

Clenbuterol is what?

A

β-Adrenergic Agonists

55
Q

Cimaterol is what?

A

β-Adrenergic Agonists

56
Q

Ractopamine is what?

A

β-Adrenergic Agonists

57
Q

What blocks β-Adrenergic Agonists? How?

A

β-blockers; prevent the attachment of catecholamines to these receptors.

58
Q

List of essential amino acids

A 
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine (branched chain aa)
Leucine** (branched chain aa)
Valine (branched chain aa)
Lysine
Histidine
59
Q

Effects of taking essential a.a. before and after resistance training.

A

augments muscle protein synthesis in healthy human subjects.

30 to 60 minutes before exercise, or
within the first 2 to 3 hours after exercise

60
Q

Effects of taking essential a.a. WITH SUGAR before and after resistance training.

A

The anabolic response was 158% greater when EAA + sugar was consumed 30 min before resistance exercise than when it was consumed after exercise.

61
Q

Which are branched chain aa?

A

Isoleucine (branched chain aa)
Leucine** (branched chain aa)
Valine (branched chain aa)

62
Q

Branched chain are responsible for what?

A

are responsible for increasing muscle protein synthesis (MPS) & it appears that leucine is the key amino acid for stimulating MPS through increased activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle (see figure on next slide).

63
Q

Which is key aa for stimulating MPS?

A

leucine

64
Q

Arginine is essential for?

A

is required for the synthesis of protein & creatine.

65
Q

Arginine metabolism results in production of…

A

nitric oxide (vasodilation)

66
Q

Arginine known for (3)

A

Ability to elevate nitric oxide levels
Increase in muscle blood flow
Improves exercise performance

67
Q

β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) is a derivative of what?

A

EAA leucine and leucines metabolic alpha-ketoisocaproate.

68
Q

What does HMB stimulate?

A

HMB stimulates protein synthesis & decreases protein breakdown.

greater strength and lean body mass

69
Q

What is likely needed for benefits to be realized with HMB supplementation in TRAINED ATHLETES ONLY?

A

high-intensity, high-volume resistance training program

70
Q

MBC is?

A

Muscle Buffering Capacity (MBC)

The ability to regulate H+ concentration in skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise.

71
Q

List of nutritional muscle buffers

A

β-Alanine
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Citrate

72
Q

β-Alanine is the rate-limiting substrate for __________ synthesis in muscle cells

A

carnosine

73
Q

What is carnosine?

A

is a dipeptide composed of the non-EAA β-alanine & the EAA histidine.
is found primarily in fast-twitch skeletal muscle.
is estimated to contribute up to 40% of the skeletal MBC of H+ produced during intense anaerobic exercise.

74
Q

β-Alanine improves level of carnosine which should improve which 2 things

A

MBC and anaerobic performance

75
Q

Carnosine and b alanine effects…

A

β-Alanine ingestion is capable of improving performance in exercises that produce an extreme level of acidosis in the muscles

Significant increase in physical working capacity at fatigue threshold (PWCFT)

Increase in total work

76
Q

Sodium bicarbonate supplementation has been shown to… (3)

A

increase blood pH.
improve MBC.
improve high-intensity exercise performance

77
Q

What dose of sodium bicarbonate shows the best results, what shows the least?

A

best: 0.3 g/kg

and 0.2g/kg does NOT improve exercise performance.

increase side effects involve >0.3 g/kg

78
Q

Sodium Citrate can increase blood pH without ______________.

A

GI distress

79
Q

L-Carnitine is responsible for?

A

is responsible for the transport of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) from the cytosol into the mitochondria to be oxidized for energy.

80
Q

What is L-Carnitine mostly known for?

A

enhances exercise performance by increasing fat utilization & sparing muscle glycogen.

markets it as a fat burner or fat reducer.

81
Q

Creatine composed of…

A

methionine, arginine, & glycine.

82
Q

Endogenous

A

is synthesized primarily by the liver, but also in smaller amounts in the kidneys, & pancreas.

83
Q

Exogenous

A

Dietary sources = meat & fish.

84
Q

Creatine stored mostly where?

A

skeletal muscle

85
Q

Creatine for exercise is especially important during…

A

short-duration, high-intensity exercise.

86
Q

Creatine forms

A

ATP

87
Q

Primary mechanism leading to fatigue during high-intensity exercise:

A

depletion of CP

88
Q

Creatine may improve training in experienced strength athletes by…

A

reducing fatigue.

enhancing postworkout recovery.

89
Q

Prolonged creatine supplementation increases…

A

body weight;

appears to be primarily related to an increase in fat-free mass.
is believed to be partly related to an increase in total body water.

90
Q

Stimulants effects

A

Reduced fatigue
Increased alertness
Increased confidence
Euphoria

91
Q

Stimulant

A

Caffeine
Ephedrine
Citrus Aurantium

92
Q

Caffeine is a ______ stimulant.

A

CNS

93
Q

Caffeine effects on prolonged aerobic endurance exercise

A

Increase in fat oxidation through the mobilization of FFAs from adipose tissue or intramuscular fat stores.

94
Q

Proposed Mechanism for Improved Anaerobic Performance with caffeine

A

During short-duration, high-intensity exercise.

95
Q

What type of performance does caffeine benefit?

A

aerobic endurance, peak power only

96
Q

Greater risk for side effects

when caffeine intake exceeds…

A

> 9 mg/kg

97
Q

Caffeine overdose: when excess of ___ grams of caffeine.

A

5 (roughly 42 cups)

98
Q

Primary Ergogenic Nutrients in Energy Drinks

A

caffeine and carbohydrate

99
Q

Are energy drinks efficient? How so?

A

for increasing resistance training volume performance.

Not effective with other types of anaerobic exercise including Wingate tests & speed/agility performance.

Improves cardiorespiratory endurance exercise performance.

100
Q

Ephedrine

A

is a β-agonist or sympathomimetic.

is thought to possess a strong thermogenic effect.

is used by athletes to reduce body fat.

is often used as a stacking agent with caffeine.

is believed to increase fat oxidation & spare muscle glycogen.

101
Q

Ephedrine is only effective when combined with

A

caffeine

102
Q

The combination of ephedrine and caffeine improves what performance?

A

aerobic endurance

103
Q

Ephedra is also known as

A

ma huang

104
Q

Ephedra contains

A

ephedrine

105
Q

Ephedra is only in which product?

A

medicine

106
Q

Citrus aurantium

A

is from a fruit known as “bitter orange.”
is a mild stimulant.
is often used as an Asian herbal medicine to treat digestive problems.

107
Q

Citrus aurantium contains

A

synephrine

108
Q

Citrus aurantium is thought to contribute to which 3 things:

A

appetite suppression,
increased metabolic rate, &
lipolysis.

109
Q

Synephrine

is thought to stimulate:

A

β-3 adrenergic receptors

Peripheral alpha-1 adrenergic receptors

110
Q

β-3 adrenergic receptors

increases

A

lipolysis

111
Q

Peripheral -1 adrenergic receptors

A

results in vasoconstriction & elevations in blood pressure.

112
Q

Citrus Aurantium + Caffeine or Other Herbal Products

A

significant improvements in time to fatigue.

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